,

SELECT ENGLISH LANGUAGE WORKS ON THE HISTORY OF EASTERN EUROPE

PART I: TO 1914 (being revised Spring 2012 ).

 

Prof. Anna M. Cienciala,
3045 Steven Dr.,
Lawrence, KS ,66049-3025.

e-mail: hanka@ku.edu.

Creative Commons License
hist557 by anna m.cienciala is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License. Based on a work at web.ku.edu.

PREFACE

In this annotated bibliography, Eastern Europe means most of the region, between the Baltic Sea in the North and the Aegean in the South, also between Germany, Austria and Italy in the West, and Ukraine and Belarus in the East.

East Central Europe means Poland, the Czech and Slovak Republics (formerly Czechoslovakia), and Hungary; this region is emphasized in the selection. Poland receives the most space not only because it is the compiler's primary interest, but also because it enjoys more English language studies than any other country in the whole region. In Part I, Selected works on the Balkans and the Baltic peoples are listed after those on East Central Europe.

Biographical information is provided if available to the compiler at the time. Publication data is generally restricted to place and date. My thanks go to Gordon Anderson, former Slavic Reference Bibliographer in the Watson Library, University of Kansas now at the University of Minnesota, for his help in finding data, but he is not responsible for any mistakes and omissions to be found here. I also wish to thank my colleague Lynn Nelson, as well as Irsan Jie and Computer Specialist John Rinnert, the last two of the Instruction and Development Support at K.U., for their help over the past few years.Diacritical signs (accents) are omitted because of the technical difficulty involved.

This bibliography does not conform to standard bibliographical style because it was compiled not by a professional bibliographer but a teacher of Modern East European History for undergraduate and graduate students in History and CREEES (Center for Russian, East European and Eurasian Studies) at the University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS., also for all students at other universities and people interested in the region. Furthermore, one scholar's selections do not necessarily match another's, and new publications are appearing all the time. Thus, this is a work in progress, so comments, corrections, additions, and suggestions are most welcome, especially for countries other than Poland..

INDEX

 

SELECT ENGLISH  LANGUAGE WORKS ON THE HISTORY OF  EASTERN EUROPE.

PREFACE. In this annotated bibliography, Eastern Europe means most of the region, between the Baltic Sea in the North and the Aegean in the South, also between Germany, Austria and Italy in the West, and Russia in the East.

East Central Europe  means Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary, and this region is emphasized in the selection. Poland  receives the most space not only because it is the compiler’s primary interest, but also because it enjoys more English language studies than any other country in the whole region. In Part I, Selected works on the Balkans and the Baltic peoples are listed after those on East Central Europe.

Biographical information is provided if available to the compiler at the time.  Diacritics are omitted because of the technical difficulty of inserting them.. Publication data is generally restricted to place and date. My thanks go to Gordon Anderson, former Slavic Reference Bibliographer in the Watson Library, University of Kansas, now at the University of Minnesota, for his help in finding data. He is not  responsible for any mistakes and omissions to be found here. Diacritics are omitted due to the technical problems involved.

This  bibliography does not  conform to standard bibliographical style because it was compiled not by a professional bibliographer but  a teacher of Modern East  European History for undergraduate and graduate students in History and REES (Russian, East European and Eurasian Studies) at the University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS., also for all such students at other American universities and other people interested in the region. Furthermore, one scholar’s selections do not necessarily match another’s, and new publications are appearing all the time. Thus, this is a work in progress, so comments, corrections, additions, and suggestions are most welcome, especially for countries other than Poland. Please send e-mails to Prof. Anna M. Cienciala at the following e-mail address: hanka@ku..edu. The bibliography  is updated periodically.

***********************

General Histories, Reference Works, Websites, Archives. 

1. General Histories of the Whole  Region.

Robert Bideleux and Ian Jeffries, A History of Eastern Europe. Crisis and Change, (London and New York, 1998, 2nd ed. 2007.)

(Bideleux was then Director of the Centre of Russian and East European Studies and of the Master’s Programme in European Politics at the University of Wales, Swansea; Jeffries, a member of the Centre,was a lecturer in the Dept. of Economics. The book is based on scholarly works published in English; Parts I  through IV, are reliable and well written, covering history from prehistoric times to the end of World War I; Part V, on the Interwar Period, can be faulted for an almost  totally negative evaluation, especially  condemning “ethnic nationalism” while underestimating the impact of general insecurity in the face  of German and Soviet policies. It also stresses fascist trends, giving insufficient consideration to  inherited  economic, political and social problems. The authors dispense with World War II in 7 pages [519-26] and go on to cover the period from Yalta to 1989 and after).

Francis Dvornik,  The Slavs in European History and Civilization,  (New Brunswick, N. J., 1962).

(Dvornik, 1893-1975, a prominent Czech specialist in the history of the Byzantine Empire and medieval Eastern Europe, was born in. Chomyz, Czechoslovakia, came to U.S. 1948, citizen 1954, d. Kromeriz, Czechoslovakia, 1975. The book is very informative on the Slavic peoples, including Russia, from  the Middle Ages to 1848 with an epilog up to 1917, but focuses on the period  up to 1725; esp. good on culture.)

Oscar Halecki, Borderlands of Western Civilization, (New York, 1952).

(Good, political survey  through World War II. Halecki, 1891-1973, was a great Polish specialist on medieval and early modern East Central Europe, who always emphasized that  the region was part of European civilization. The book, designed for American students, is still useful as an outline political history, but a great deal of new research has been done since that time, particularly on the 19th and 20th centuries).

Philip Longworth, The Making of Eastern Europe. From Prehistory to Postcommunism, (2nd edition, New York, 1997).

(Longworth, then a professor of history at McGill University, Montreal, chose the route of writing history backwards from the present to the distant past. He disagrees with the view that at least  East Central Europe and the northern part of former Yugoslavia, that is, Croatia and Slovenia, are part of Western Civilization. He roundly condemns the East European states of the interwar period for their nationalist excesses while not emphasizing the progress made in other areas, giving slight attention to general interwar insecurity and the traumatic experience of World War II.)

Robin Okey, Eastern Europe 1740-1985. Feudalism to Communism,  (2nd ed., Minneapolis, Minn., 1986).

(Good survey by a contemporary British historian, showing the cultural and economic connections between W. Europe and E. Europe.)

2. General Histories of  East Central Europe.(Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Hungarians)

Francis Dvornik, The Making of Central and Eastern Europe, (Polish Research Centre, London, 1949 2nd ed., Gulf Breeze, FL.,1974).

(A detailed study of the history of Poles, Czechs, Hungarians and Kievan Rus in the 10th and 11th centuries by a Czech historian. It has appendices on White Croatia and White Serbia and the Donation of Poland to the Holy See, the “Dagome Iudex.”)

Lonnie R.Johnson, Central Europe. Enemies, Neighbors, Friends, (New York, Oxford, 1996, 2nd ed. 2002).

(A good, general history stressing historical Austrian influence on contemporary  nations. The book jacket reproduces a contemporary, satirical engraving of four monarchs showing their gains on a map of Poland, 1772. However, it is doubtful that - as the jacket explanation states -  one of them is the unfortunate last King of Poland, Stanislas Augustus Poniatowski, who would have no interest in pointing at eastern Galicia. The monarch identified as Poniatowski resembles the Austrian Empress Maria Theresa, who is pointing there while her son and heir Joseph points to western Galicia - both taken by Austria in 1772.  Johnson, born in Minnesota, has lived in Vienna since 1974 and has published books on Austria and Vienna).

Serhii Plokhy, The Origins of the Slavic Nations: Premodern Identities in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus, New York, NY, 2006.

[see review by Daniel H. Kaiser, i Slavic Review, vol. 66, no. 4, winter 2007, pp. 749-750.]

Piotr S. Wandycz, The Price of Freedom. A History of East Central Europe from the Middle Ages to the Present, (London and  New York, 1992, revised ed. 2001.)

(Best, concise history of the region so far by the eminent Polish-American historian. Piotr S. Wandycz, b. 1923 in Poland, educated in Poland, France and England. He is a Professor Emeritus of Yale University, and the leading historian of interwar  Poland’s foreign relations. In this book, based on many years of study and teaching, the period up to 1660 is treated as background. The book is v. good in showing similarities and differences between the peoples of the region in each major period. It has good, short bibliographies.) 

3. Select Bibliographies, all of  Eastern Europe.

A. General:

Mary Beth Norton and Pamela Gerardi, eds.The American Historical Association Guide to Historical Literature, , vol. Two., 3rd edition, Oxford, 1995

(Section 33 lists reference works on the region and by country. Unlike the sections on Western Europe and USSR, the sections on Eastern Europe have no thematic subdivisions, only rough chronological divisions into periods before and after World War I. This problem is, however, partly remedied in the subject index for each country.)

Murlin Croucher, SLAVIC STUDIES. A Guide to Bibliographies, Encyclopedias, and Handbooks, 2 vols. (Scholarly Resources, Inc., Wilmington, Delaware, 1993).

(M. Croucher was then a Librarian Specialist and Professor at Indiana University, Bloomington, IN. This is the most comprehensive work of its kind for Slavic Studies).

For older but still useful bibliographies, see:

Paul L. Horecky, ed., East Central Europe. Guide to Basic Publications, (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, London, 1969).

(Topical Overview, plus by country: East  Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland,  Sorbs (Lusatians) and Polabians. Excellent on historical sources and literature published up to 1965-66. Horecky (1913-1999),  was of Czech origin and was for many years Chief of the Slavic and Central European Division, Library of Congress until he retired in 1977.)

same: South-Eastern Europe. A Guide to Basic Publications, (Chicago, 1969).

(Covers the Balkans).

B. For general bibliographies, see:

American Bibliographies of Slavic and East European Studies, American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies, now Am. Assoc. for the Advancement of Slavic, East European and Eurasian Studies, ASEEES (place of publication changes every few years according to editor’s university affiliation.). Last volume published by Ebsco, 2001, Ipswich, Mass., available online through Worldwide Web, covers 1990 to present..

Bibliographic Guide to Slavic, Baltic, and Eurasian studies, (New York, from 1995).

European Bibliographies of Slavic and East European Studies, (Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Institut des Etudes Slaves, Paris.)

C. Bibliographies by Country.

Albania. William B. Bland, Anthonia Young, Albania, (rev. ed., World Bibliographical Series, vol. 94, Oxford, 1997).

Bulgaria ,

R.J. Crampton, Bulgaria, World Bibliographical Series, (Santa Barbara and Oxford, England, 1989).

Croatia

George J. Prpic, Croatia and the Croatians. A Selected and Annotated Bibliography in  English, (Scotsdale, AR., 1982; see also Yugoslavia below).

Czechoslovakia, Slovakia.

Miroslav Rechcigl Jr., Czechoslovakia Past and Present. vol. I. Political, International, Social and Economic Aspects, (The Hague, Netherlands, 1968).

(Excellent bibliography by a Czech scholar; includes periodicals; however, much has been published since 1968.)

Stanislav J. Kirschbaum, A History of Slovakia. The Struggle for Survival, (New York, 1995, pb. 1996; 2nd ed., 2005).

(The book is very sympathetic to Slovakia and has an extensive bibliography. Its author, who is of Slovak descent, was then a professor of Political Science and Coordinator of the International Studies Program, York University, Toronto, Canada.).

David Short, Czechoslovakia. (Clio Press vol. 68, Oxford, 1986) .

Jarold Knox Zeman, The Hussite Movement and the Reformation in Bohemia, Moravia and Slovakia, 1350-1560: A Bibliographical Study Guide, with Particular Reference to Sources in North America, (Ann Arbor, Mich., c. 1977).

(J. K. Zeman, b.Czechoslovakia, 1926, taught in Canada after World War II and is a specialist in medieval and early modern European religious movements.).

Hungary

Elemer Bako, Guide to Hungarian Studies, (Stanford, CA., 1976.)

Thomas Kabdebo, Hungary, (Clio Press, Santa Barbara, CA., 1980).

Poland

Barbara Dotts Paul, The Polish-German Borderlands. An Annotated Bibliography, (Greenwood Press, Wesport, CT, London, 1994.)

(Very useful; ch. 2 covers  period up to 1914. The author was then a professional bibliographer at the University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point, WI. She died in 2009.)

John A. Drobnicki, “The Russo-Polish War, 1919-1920: A Bibliography of Works in English,” The Polish Review, vol. XLII (42), no. 1, 1997, pp. 95--104. (Updated version on line.)

August Gerald Kanka, Poland. An Annotated Bibliography of Books in English, (New York and London, Garland Press, 1988; very useful).

George J. Lerski and Halina T. Lerski, Jewish-Polish Coexistence, 1772-1939, (New York, London, Westport CT., Greenwood Press, 1986.).

(Excellent. Jerzy Lerski, 1917-1992, was a member of the Polish Peasant Party and a courier of the Armia Krajowa (Polish Home Army) from Poland to London in World War II, see his Poland's Secret Envoy, 1939-1945, New York, 1988. He was a member of the last Polish government-in-exile, London; and a historian of East Central Europe teaching at the University of San Francisco. He published books and articles on Polish history, also documents on Herbert Hoover's help for Poland in 1919-21: Herbert Hoover and Poland, Stanford, CA, 1972; see also Antony Polonsky, The Jews in Poland and Russia, vols. 1-3, Oxford, Portland,OR, 2010-2012.)

John A. Okonski, Wartime Poland, 1939-1945. A Select Annotated Bibliography of Books in English, (Greenwood Press, CT., 1997)..

(Gives  some coverage of interwar Poland; valuable for including books on World War II where Poland is discussed. It includes some works in Polish. Comments on  the contents of some books are misleading; it does not list articles.)

George Sanford and Adriana Gozdecka-Sanford, Poland,World Bibliographical Series no. 32, (Oxford, Santa Barbara, 1993).

(Sanford is a British Political Scientist of Polish descent and an expert on Poland. See his book on Katyn, London, 2005.)

R omania.

Kurt W. Treptow et al., eds., A History of Romania, (Iasi, 1997).

(Very favroable to Romania; has an excellent bibliography divided into key periods.)

Yugoslavia.

John J. Horton, Yugoslavia. Revised and Expanded Edition, World Bibliographical Series, no. 1., (Santa Barbara, CA., 1990).

(Includes  sources on all the republics/peoples and their histories.).

The Baltic Peoples.

Inese A. Smith and Martia V. Grunts, The Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, World Bibliographical Series, vol. 161, (Oxford, England; Santa Barbara, CA., Denver CO., 1993).

(Has a good historical introduction and chronology; sections on history, foreign relations, politics, Soviet occupation and communism, religion languages, literatures, health, economics, overseas populations and others.).

David J. (James), ed.,The Baltic States and thei Region: New Europe or Old? (Conference Papers, Amsterdam, 2005).

4. Historical Atlases.

Richard and Ben Crampton, Atlas of Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century, (Routledge, London and New York, 1998.)

(This atlas is a companion to R.J. Crampton’s book on 20th century Eastern Europe [see bibliography on Inter-War Period]. It has black and white maps and graphs with very good, brief  texts on demographics, economics, politics, social structure, international relations. R.J. Crampton is a British expert on Bulgaria then teaching East European history at Oxford University. His son Ben cooperated in preparing this atlas.) 

Dennis P. Hupchick and Harold E. Cox, A Concise Historical Atlas of Eastern Europe, (New York, 1996).

(Hupchick, a specialist in Bulgarian history,  teaches at Wilkes University. The atlas has 50 sections with maps and commentary; 41 maps deal with pre-1914 period, with special attention to the early medieval period up to the 13th century [sections 5-16]. The cultural map - no. 4- shows the West European -East European fault [lines] with areas of convergence, in general agreement with O. Halecki, Norman Davies and P.S. Wandycz.)

Paul Robert Magocsi, Historical Atlas of East Central Europe, (Seattle and London, 1993, 2nd ed. 1999, 3rd ed. 2002). 

(This is an excellent work covering the history of all of Eastern Europe with clear, detailed maps by Geoffrey J. Matthews and brief historical commentaries by Magocsi. The author, b.1945, Englewood, N.J., is of Ukrainian descent and a professor of History and Political Science at the University of Toronto, Canada. He has published a historical atlas of Ukraine,  a history of the Rusyns, and a history of Ukraine.)

Wladyslaw Czaplinski and Tadeusz Ladogorski, The Historical Atlas of Poland, (9th ed., Warsaw-Wroclaw, 1989).

(W. Czaplinski, 1905-81, was a specialist on the history of 16-17th century Poland at the University of Wroclaw, previously Breslau.. Ladogorski was then a professor emeritus of geography at the same university. This is a very good atlas with excellent maps and commentary.).

5. Historical Dictionaries.

(By Country; these often have bibliographical information.)

Robert Elsie (the Hague Tribunal). Historical Dictionary of Albania (2nd ed., Scarecrow Press, Lanham, MD, 2004).

(E. Elsie is a specialist on Albania and translator of Alb. literature.)

Raymond Hutchings, Historical Dictionary of Albania, ( Lanham, MD., London, 1996).

(R.Hutchings, b. England, 1924; in the British Foreign Office and Diplomatic Service, 1952-68, then pursued an academic career in England, Australia and the U.S. He  has published several books on the USSR).

Ante Cuvalo, Historical Dictionary of Bosnia-Herzegovina, (Lanham, MD., 1997).

(The author also published a book on the Croatian national movement in 1966-72).

Raymond Detrez, Historical Dictionary of Bulgaria, (Lanham, MD., 1997).

(Belgian scholar, b. 1948.)

Robert Stallaerts & Jeannine Lawen, Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Croatia, (Metuchen, Scarecrow Press, 1997; 3rd ed. forthcoming spring 2010).

(Stallaerts  has also published a Historical Dictionary of Belgium; severa works in Flemish).

Jiri Hochman, Historical Dictionary of the Czech State, (Lanham MD and London, 1998).

(The author, b. Czechoslovakia, 1926, is a journalist and historian who left Czechoslovakia after the Warsaw Pact invasion of Aug. 1968. He has published a book on the Soviet  policy of collective  security in the 1930s and edited Alexander Dubcek’s memoirs, for both of which see Part II of this bibliography.He taught at Ohio State University in 1974-89, then returned to Czechoslovakia.)

Steven Bela Vardy, Historical Dictionary of Hungary, (Lanham, MD., 1997).

(B.Vardy, b. Hungary, 1936, in U.S. since 1950, has authored several books on Hungarian history. This work has been criticized for some selections and omissions - see:  Joachim von Puttkamer, The Austrian History Yearbook, vol. XXX (30), 1999, pp. 282-283.).

Andrejs Plakans, Historical Dictionary of Latvia (2nd ed., Lanham, M.D.. 2008).

(Plakans, who left Latvia as a child in 1944, in U.S. since 1951, is Prof. Em. of Iowa State University.)

Saulius Suziedelis, Historical Dictionary of Lithuania, (Lanham MD., 1997).

(Suziedalis, b.1945, obtained his Ph.D. at the University of Kansas, 1977; he then taught at Millersville University, Millersville, Pa. until retirement, 2009; for other works, see Pt. I , under: Baltic Peoples, and Pt. II: Baltic States, 1939.).

Dimitar Bechev, Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia (Lanham, MD, 2009.)

(Bechev is a Junior Research Fellow in Sout-East Europe Studies, St.Anthony's College, Oxford.)

George J. Lerski, Piotr  Wrobel and Richard J. Kozicki, Historical Dictionary of Poland 966-1945, (Westport CT. London, Greenwood Press, 1996).

(This is the best work of its kind. For Lerski, see bibliographies, above. P. Wrobel, born and educated in Poland, has written on 19th- and 20th  century Polish history and holds the chair of Polish History, University of Toronto. Kozicki, professor emeritus of Politics and Asian Studies, was Lerski’s colleague and friend at the University of San Francisco, also project director and editor of the English  language text.).

Piotr Wrobel,  Historical Dictionary of Poland, 1945-1996, (Westport, Ct., 1998).

(Has been criticized for some omissions and selections.)

Kurt W. Treptow & Marcel Popa, Historical Dictionary of Romania, (Lanham MD., and London, 1996.)

(Treptow is the editor-in-chief of A History of Romania, Iasi, 1997.)

Stanislav J. Kirschbaum, Historical Dictionary of Slovakia, (Lanham MD., and London, 1999).

(On author, see bibliographies, above.)

6.  Historiography of the Countries of Eastern Europe.

These articles, written by experts, appeared  under this title and  in this sequence in the American Historical Review, vol. 97, no. 4., October 1992.

Maria Todorova, “Bulgaria,” pp. 1005-1117.

Piotr S. Wandycz, “Poland,” pp. 1018- 1025.

Jiri Koralka, “Czechoslovakia,” pp. 1026-1040.

Istvan Deak, “Hungary,” pp. 1041-1063.

Keith Hitchins, “Romania,” pp. 1064-1083.

Ivo Banac, “Yugoslavia,” pp. 1084-1104.

Poland.

Peter Brock, John D. Stanley, Piotr J. Wrobel, eds., Nation and History. Polish Historians from the Enlightenmen to the Second World War (University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Buffalo, London, 2006).

(Peter Brock was a historian of Pacifism Poland, who taught at the University of Tornto; John D. Stanley is an independent scholar, specializing in Polish history, who has lived in Toronto since 1971; Wrobel holds the Chair of Polish History at the Univ. of Toronto.)

7. Encyclopedias.

John B. Allcock, Marko Milivojevic and John J. Horton, eds., Conflict in the Former Yugoslavia. An Encyclopedia, (Denver, CO., 1998).

Richard C. Frucht, ed., The Encyclopedia of Eastern Europe: From the Congress of Vienna to the Fall of Communism, (Garland Publishing Inc., New York, 2000).

(Frucht, an expert on Balkan history, esp. Romania, teaches at Northwest Missouri State. University; the book includes a long article on Poland and a short biography of Polish Foreign Minister Jozef Beck by A.M. Cienciala. Some of the shorter entries on Poland are misleading; for a critical review see B.M. Biskupski in Polish Review, 2003).

Joseph Slabey Roucek  ed., Slavonic Encyclopedia, (New York Philosophical Library, 1949).

(J. Roucek, b. 1902, in U.S. after 1921, published in the fields of Political Science, Sociology and Education; this is an older work but still useful.)

[NOTE: scholarly entries on East European countries, history, key events and prominent persons are to be found in the: Encyclopedia Britannica and Academic American Encyclopedia, 1980. as well as in Wikipedia. The latter, generally reliable, is free online.]

8.Periodicals.

(i) General.

The Austrian History Yearbook.

(This annual publication has been appearing since 1964, first at Rice University, and then at the Center for Austrian Studies, University of Minnesota. It is a high quality journal with valuable books and articles on the history of the Habsburg Empire and modern Austria, also book reviews. The editor is Professor Charles W. Ingrao, Purdue University, IN).

Balkan Studies.

(Published in Greece since 1960; a high quality journal.)

Balkanistika, (Columbus, OH., biennial since 1974).

(high quality journal.)

Canadian Slavic Studies - Revue Canadienne d’Etudes Slaves, Canada.

(Published since 1967; high quality journal).

Cross Currents, (Dept. of Slavic Languages and Literatures, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI., since 1982).

(High quality journal on the arts).

East Central Europe, Charles J. Schlacks Jr. Publisher, Idyllwild, CA, then Germany.

(This high quality journal, published  since 1974, has appeared since the early 1990s as annual or bi-annual volumes devoted to specific topics. Edited by Schlacks since 2004, it is now published in Germany).

East European Politics and Societies, University of California, Berkeley, CA., from 1987.

( high quality journal which appears three times a year; articles  mostly on other disciplines. but also history).

East European Quarterly, editor: Prof. Stephen A. Fischer-Galati, prof. em. University of Colorado at Boulder.

(This scholarly quarterly was published since 1967 at the University of Colorado, Boulder, CO.; it ceased publication with vol. 42, 2008. Fischer-Galati, b. Bucharest, Romania, 1924, has published several books on 20th century Romania. He is also the editor of East European Monographs, a most valuable series of over 200 books on East European history; electronic version available).

Journal of Baltic Studies, formerly Bulletin of Baltic Studies ,

(This is a scholarly quarterly with articles in English and German, founded in 1970, edited by Dr. Saulius Suziedelis, then David J. Smith, Univ. of Glasgow. It is published by the Association for the Advancement of Baltic Studies, 3465 E. Burnside St., Portland, OR., 97214-2050; Back issues available from UMI).

Journal of Slavic Military Studies, (formerly Journal of Soviet Military Studies) London, from 1988.

(high quality journal, has occasional historical articles).

Nationalities Papers, editor-in-chief for many years was Henry  R. Huttenbach, City College of the City University of New York.

(High quality quarterly journal published since 1972; volumes devoted to particular topics and countries. Huttenbach, b. Worms, Germany, 1930, educated in U.S., is a specialist in Russian and Jewish history, also the Caucasus, taught at the City College of New York).

Problems of Communism , USIA, Washington, D.C., 1952-1994

(Good articles and book reviews)

 Problems of Post-Communism, 1994 - published by M.E. Sharpe, Armonk, N.Y., Robert T. Huber, editor.

(Excellent, high quality quarterly journal; also electronic version.)

Radio Free Europe Research - weekly, Munich, 1974-1990.

(Valuable data and analysis)

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, since 1990;Part II, Prague, on line. Back issues: http://www.rferl.org/newsline.

Report on Eastern Europe/Radio Free Europe, Munich, special issue, Dec. 1, 1989; weekly 1990-91.

The Slavic Review

(Originally the American Slavic Review, 1941-61, then Slavic Review; a high quality quarterly journal published by the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies--AAASS. There is an index covering the years 1941-61.)

The Slavonic and East European Review, began as the Slavonic Review, 1922-27, then the Slavonic and East European Review, 1928-1939, then the Slavonic Yearbook, 1939-43, when it changed back to first name. Published as a high quality quarterly journal by the  Institute of Slavonic and East European Studies, University of London..

South-Eastern Europe, Charles Schlacks Jr., Publisher, Idyllwild, CA. .

(high quality journal).

(NOTE: Articles on the history of East European countries are rarely published in the American Historical Review  and the Journal of Modern History; both journals, however, publish reviews of books on East Central European and Balkan history).

(ii) Journals By Country. (All are high quality journals).

Bulgarian Historical Review, Sofia, Bulgaria, from 1973 (some materials in English).

Journal of Croatian Studies, from 1960, Annual Review of the Croatian Academy of America, Inc., New York.

Kosmas. Journal of the Czechoslovak Society of Arts and Sciences, Washington, D.C., 1982-1988.

Kosmas. Czechoslovak and Central European Journal, 1996-editor: Bruce Garver, Univ. of Nebraska at Omaha, NEB. (Published by the Czechoslovak Society of Arts and Sciences, Washington, D.C. )

Journal of Modern Greek Studies, from 1982; published by Johns Hopkins University Press, Boston, MASS.

Hungarian Quarterly, New York, from 1965.

The New Hungarian Quarterly, Budapest, since 1960.

Hungarian Studies, from 1985; published by Akademiai Kiado, Budapest.

Studia Scientiarum Academiae Hungariae, Budapest. (Has some Eng. lang. materials)

Kosova, Historical and Political Review, The Institute of History, Prishtina, published in Tirana, Albania, since 1995. (The authors are Kosova Albanians).

Lituanus -Champaign, IL., from 1954; Cumulative Index 1954-2004.

(articles and book reviews on Lithuanian history).

Acta Poloniae Historica,

(Published in English by the Institute of History, Polish Academy of Sciences, one or more volumes annually since 1958. Editor: Maria Bogucka, b. 1929, is a prominent historian of medieval - early modern Poland and Europe.) 

Polish American Studies, edited by James Pula,bi-annual published by the Polish American Historical Association; publishes articles on Polish American history, literature, politics, society.

(James Pula, Prof. of History, Purdue University, is the author and editor of several outstanding historical works, incl. a biography of Thaddeus Kosciuszko, and editor of The Origins of Modern Polish Democracy, and of a drirectory of American Polonia, 2010.)

The Polish Review, published quarterly by the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America first in1942, resumed in 1956. Longtime editor, Dr.Joseph Wieczerzak, followed by Charles Kraszewski. New editor, as of April 2012, Dr. Patrice Dabrowski. As of 2009, available online and, as of 2010, also on Kindle Books.

(Dabrowski is the author of Commemorations and the Shaping of Modern Poland Bloomington, IN, 2004, and numerous articles.)

This  P.R. covers all disciplines, but emphasizes the humanities and social sciences. There are three indexes: one covering volumes 1-11, published in 1967;  the second, a cumulative index, covering vols. 1- 25, 1942-80, published in 1981; and the third, covering vols.  26-40, 1981-95, published in 1997.)

The Sarmatian Review, a quarterly.

(A lively periodical edited by Prof. Ewa M.Thompson, a specialist in modern Polish and Russian literatures, Rice University, Houston, TX. The review has articles on Polish history and other areas, contemporary statistics, polemics and book reviews; postal address: P.O.Box 79119, Houston, TX., 77279-9119.)

Romanian Civilization, .

(A popular, illustrated journal, published since 1992 by the Center for Romanian Studies, Iasi)

Serbian Studies,

Journal of the North American Society for Serbian Studies, Chicago, IL., since 1980.

Slovene Studies,

Journal of the Society for Slovene  Studies; published by the Dept. for Slavic Languages and Literatures, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN,

9. Websites and Archives.

A. Websites.

(i) Eastern Europe:

www.Centraleurope.com - ongoing news plus lots of commercial advertisements. You must have an account to use it.

General and East European Resources. The University of Pittsburgh, REES Web Home Page: www.ucis.pitt.edu/reesweb/rees.html.  (See REESweb Shortcuts and Directory of Internet Resources by discipline)..

(ii).East Central Europe.

Hungary Page: http:www.org/~hipcat/ - has Hungarian News, Culture, and related links, including History and Resources on Hungary and Transylvania.

(historical sources given from the Hungarian point of view).

Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America, Inc., 

Director as of June 2010, Dr. M.B.B. Biskupski; Historian, holder of St. A. Blejwas Chair of Polish and Polish American History, .Central Connecticut State University,New Britain, CT. Biskupski is the author and editor of several books on Poliish history, also of Hollywood's War on Poland, 1939-1945 (Lexington, KY, 2009).

(iii) Baltic States.

Latvian Academic Network: http:www.lanet.lv/

(most of the material is in Latvian).

B. Archives.

(i)East Central Europe.

A Guide to East-Central European Archives, edited by Charles W. Ingrao, assoc. editor Barbara Lawatsch-Boomgaarden, Austrian History Yearbook, vol. XXIX, 1998, Part 2,

(Experts write on archival collections in: Bosnia and Hercegovina, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine and Yugoslavia; there are some maps, see Note on Cartography, pp. 1-10).

(ii) Czech Archives in U.S.

Czech Heritage Collection, Love Library, University of Nebraska-Lincoln.

(iii) Polish Archives in USA, Canada, Poland.

See the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences, above.

 

************************

Part I. History from 1500 to 1914.

1.Surveys of all of  Eastern  Europe: Late Medieval and Early Modern E. Central Europe to c. 1700.

Daniel Chirot, ed., The Origins of Backwardness in Eastern Europe: Economics and Politics from the Middle Ages until the Early Twentieth Century, Berkeley, 1989, paperback 1991.

(A path breaking book on the subject of economic backwardness, or delayed development, in this region.

D.Chirot, b. France 1932, educated in U.S., was at the time of publication professor of International Studies and of Sociology at the University of Washington, Seattle, WA., and the editor of the journal East European Politics and Societies, published by the University of California Press. The contributors to this book are:: D.Chirot, Robert Brewer, Jacek Kochanowicz, Fikret Adamir, John R. Lampe and Gale Stokes).

Jean Sedlar, East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500, Univ. of Washington Press,  Seattle and London, 1994.

(Sedlar, 1935-2010,  was professor of History at the University of Pittsburgh, Johnstown, PA. This is an excellent thematic coverage of the whole of Eastern Europe. She also published Hitlers' Central European Empire, 1938-1945).

2. Medieval and Early Modern East Central Europe

General

K. Bosl, A.. Gieysztor, F. Graus, M. M. Postan, F. Seibt,  Eastern and Western Europe in the Middle Ages, edited with an introduction by Geoffrey Barraclough,London, 1970.

(Geoffrey Barraclough, 1908-1984, was a British historian of medieval Germany, who taught for several years at the University of Liverpool and later worked in the Royal Institute of International Affairs, London.. Chapters by German, Polish, Czech and British experts showing the political, cultural and economic links between E.C. Europe and W. Europe, thus following in the steps of Oskar Halecki’s The Limits and Divisions of European History..)

Norman Davies, Europe. A History, Oxford, 1996.

(N. Davies, b. 1940 of Welsh parents in Lancashire, has specialized in Polish history, see his: God’s Playground. A History of Poland, 2 vols. New York, 1982, rev. ed. 2003. He was then the chairperson of the Dept. of History, School of Slavonic and East European Studies, London, and a fellow of St.Anthony’s College, Oxford.  His Europe. A History, is  the first, comprehensive survey of all of European history that includes Eastern Europe in each major period; his book on the Warsaw Uprising, 1944, The Rising, is the most extensive coverage of this tragic battle.)

Oskar Halecki, The Limits and Divisions of European History, London, 1951.

(O. Halecki, 1891-1973, was a prominent Polish historian of Jagiellonian Poland. He was one of the founders of the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America in 1941-42 and taught East European history at Fordham University, 1941-61. This is a pioneering work firmly placing East Central Europe in the mainstream of European history.)

Antoni  Maczak, Henryk Samsonowicz, Peter Burke, eds., East Central Europe in Transition from the Fourteenth to the Seventeenth Century, Cambridge, Eng., 1985.

(Antoni Maczak, 1928-2003, was a specialist on the economic history of early modern East Central Europe, esp. Poland; Henryk Samsonowicz, b. 1930, is a leading Polish medievalist; both historians taught at the University of Warsaw.).

Special Topics.

A. R. Myers, Parliaments and Estates in Europe to 1789, London, New York, 1975 (includes East Central Europe).

(Alfred Reginald Myers, 1912-1980, was professor of medieval-early modern English history at the University of Liverpool, England from 1950 to retirement. He  authored several books on English history and one on medieval European parliaments.)

Orest Subtelny, Domination of Eastern Europe: Native Nobilities and Foreign Absolutism, 1500-1715, Montreal, 1986.

(Orest Subtelny, b. 1943 in Krakow, Poland,  was then a professor of History and Political Science at York University, Toronto. He has published several books on Ukrainian history, including Ukraine. A History, i2000.

  "Women and Power in East Central Europe.” East Central Europe, vols. 20-23, 1993-1996 (Articles on medieval and modern women of Bohemia, Hungary, and Poland).

Larry Wolff, Inventing Eastern Europe. The Map of Civilization on the Mind of the Enlightenment, Stanford, CA., 1994.

(The author teaches history at New York University. This is a fascinating account of French views on Eastern Europe in the 18th century, pointing out that the writers invented the name as well as the negative image of the region. Wolff has publisheds several books including one on Vatican-Polish relations during the Partition period, see under Partitioned Poland).

a. Medieval Poland.                 

  General Surveys:

Aleksander Gieysztor, “Medieval Poland,” in same, ed., History of Poland, 2nd ed., Warsaw, 1979, ch. 1-VI (pp. 23-137.

(Gieysztor, 1916-1999, born in Moscow and educated in Poland, fought in the September 1939 campaign, was active in the Polish Underground 1939-45, and studied for his Ph.D. in underground seminars. He was a prominent historian of medieval Poland and medieval Europe, as well as the leading force in restoring the Royal Castle, Warsaw, of which he was the Curator for many years. He was highly respected by medievalists in the West as well as by Polish communist regimes, their opponents, and post-communist Polish governments).

Norman Davies, God’s Playground. A History of Poland. Vol. I. Origins to 1795, New York, 1982, 2003, ch. 1-4, pp. 3-114.

(By the leading British historian of Poland).

Knoll, Paul W. Rise of the Polish Monarchy; Piast Poland in East Central Europe, 1320-1370, Chicago, 1972.

(This is the best English language book on the subject .Knoll retired from the University of California in 2007).

Jerzy Lukowski and Hubert Zawadzki, A Concise History of Poland, Cambridge, England, 2001, ch. 1.

Lukowski is the author of Liberty's Folly. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Eighteenth Century, (1991) and The Partitions of Poland , 1772, 1793, 1795, (1999); he teaches at the University of Birmingham; Zawadzki is the author of A Man of Honor: Adam Czartoryski as a Statesman of Russia and Poland 1795-1831,(1993); he teaches history at Abingdon School.

Daniel Stone, The Polish-Lithuanian State, 1386-1795, Seattle, WA, 2001.

V. good survey which devotes attention not only to the Poles but also to other peoples of the Commonwealth. Ch 1 covers the period 1386-1572. Daniel Stone teaches at the Universityof Edmonton, Canada.

Special topics.

Medieval Poland:Church and Religion.

Jerzy Braun, compiler and ed., Poland in Christian Civilization, London,  1985.

(Braun, 1901-1975, was a philosopher, historian, historian of philosophy and a politician. These are contributions written for the Millennium of Christianity in Poland, 1966, but published almost 20 years later for lack of funds in 1966).

Daniel S. Buczek, "Church, State and Holy See in Medieval Poland,"  Polish Review, v. 2, no. 3, 1966, pp. 62-66.

(Buczek is a Polish-American historian of Poland, editor of Guide to the Sacret Heart Church [New Britain, Conn] Records 1916-1994.)

P. David, "The Church in Poland to 1250," Cambridge History of Poland,  Cambridge, 1950, v. I, pp. 60-84.

( a good, older survey).

Tadeusz Grudzinski, Boleslas the Bold, Called also the Bountiful, and the Bishop Stanislas: The Story of a Conflict, Warsaw, 1985.

(The Polish equivalent of English King Henry II [1154-1189] and the murder of Thomas a Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury. Grudzinski, b. 1924, is a prominent Polish medievalist; "Man of the Year" in Poland, 2009).

Oscar Halecki, Sacrum Poloniae Milennium, Rome, 1966.

(On the millenium of Poland’s conversion to Christianity from Rome by an eminent Polish historian. Halecki, 1891-1973, was a specialist in the medieval history of East Central Europe.)

Jerzy Kloczowski, "The Thousand Year Long History of Christianity in Poland," in: Nation - Church - Culture. Essays in Polish History, University Handbook Series  no. 2, Catholic University of Lublin, 1990, pp.239-254.

[Jerzy Kloczowski, b. 1924, fought and was wounded in the Warsaw Uprising of 1944. He is a historian of pre-partition and 19th c. Poland, the history of Christianity in Poland and the history of East Central Europe. He created and leads the Institute of East Central Europe at the Catholic University of Lublin, Poland. He was also a Senator in the 1989-91.]

same, History of Polish Christianity, Cambridge, England, 2000.

Medieval Polish Culture

Bronislaw Geremek, "Poland in the Cultural Geography of Medieval Europe," in: Jacek Fedorowicz et al, eds., A Republic of Nobles. Studies in Polish History to 1864, Cambridge, Eng., New York, 1982, pp. 10-27.

(Geremek 1932-2008, born into a Jewish family, was rescued with his mother from the Warsaw Ghetto and hidden by a Catholic Pole who married his mother. He converted to Catholicism and adopted their rescuer's family name. He was a prominent historian of medieval Poland and East Central Europe, a leading dissident in the period 1968-89, then a minister in post-1989 Polish governments. Fedorowicz was then a professor of history at the University of Western Ontario, Canada. Geremek was elected to the European Parliament and was on his way there when he died in a car crash.

Medieval Poland:Economy

Piotr  Gorecki, Economy, Society, and Lordship in Medieval Poland, 1100-1250 New York, London, 1992.

[Gorecki, b.1955 in Krakow, Poland and educated in the U.S., is an American historian of medieval Poland; he was then and is now teaching at the University of California at Riverside, CA.]

Richard C. Hoffmann, Land, Liberties and Lordship in a Late Medieval Countryside: Agrarian Structures and Change in the Duchy of Wroclaw,  Philadelphia, 1989

[The author, b. 1943, teaches at York University, Toronto.)

Henryk Lowmianski, "Economic Problems of the Early Feudal Polish State," Acta Poloniae Historica, v. 3, 1960, pp. 7-32.

[Lowmianski, 1898-1984, was a prominent Polish medievalist.]

Medieval Poland: Feudalism

Oswald P. Backus, Oscar Halecki, Joseph Jakstas and Andrzej Kaminski, "The Problem of Feudalism in Lithuania," Slavic Review, v. 21, 1962. no. 3. Discussion.

(O.P. Backus, 1922-1972, was an American historian of medieval Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, on which he published articles and books. He taught at the University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS., from the early 1950s  until his death and was the moving force in establishing the Center for Russian and Slavic Studies, now the Center for Russian, East European and Eurasian Studies, at that University;Joseph Jakstas is also a historian of the commonwealth; Andrzej .Kaminski, b. 1935 was educated in Poland and is a historian of early modern Poland and East Central Europe; he taught at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C, In 2005 he was honored for his work at an international conference held at the University of Aberdeen, Scotland).

Tadeusz Manteuffel, "On Polish Feudalism, " Medievalia et Humanistica, fasc. 16, 1964, pp. 94-104.

(T. Manteuffel, 1902-1970, born in Latvia, was a member of the Livland family of Manteuffel-Szoege. He lost a hand in the Polish-Soviet War, 1920,  studied medieval history in Poland, France and Italy and taught at Warsaw University, becoming a known medievalist before 1939. During the Second World War, he organized underground history seminars in German-occupied Poland. After the war, he organized the History Institute, Warsaw University, participated in creating the Polish Academy of Sciences, and was for several years the director of the Institute of History, Polish Academy of Sciences.)

P. Skwarczynski, "The Problem of Feudalism in Poland up to the Beginning of the Sixteenth Century, " Slavonic and East Eu-ropean Review, v. 34, 1956, pp. 292-310.

(Skwarczynski taught at Lublin University before 1939; this is an older study)

Germans and German colonization in Medieval Poland.

H. Aubin and J. Rutkowski, "The Lands East of the Elbe and German Colonization Eastwards: Poland, Lithuania, Hungary, " in: "Medieval Agrarian Society in its Prime," Cambridge Economic History of Europe,  v. I, Cambridge, Eng., 1966, ch. 7, pp. 449-506.

[Jozef Rutkowskii, b. 1922, is a Polish economist).

Marian Biskup, "The Role of the Order and State of the Teutonic Knights in the History of Poland, " Polish Western Affairs, Poznan, 1966, no. 2, pp. 337-365.

[ Biskup, b.1922, is a specialist on the medieval history of Pomerania - East Prussia.]

Sir Geoffrey Evans, Tannenberg, 1410-1914, Hamilton, London, 1970

[On the defeat of the Teutonic Knights by the combined Polish-Lithuanian armies in 1410, and the German defeat of a Russian army in 1914. G. Evans is an eminent British historian of Germany and the Austro-Hungarian Empire who taught until his recent retirement at Cambridge University, England).

Karol Gorski, "The Teutonic Order in Prussia," Medievalia et Humanistica, 1966, v. 17, pp. 20-37.

[K. Gorski, 1905-1988, was born in Odessa and educated in Poland. He specialized in the history of the Teutonic Order and East Prussia].

M .Z. Jedlicki, "German Settlement in Poland and the Rise of the Teutonic Order," Cambridge History of Poland, v. I., ch. 7, pp. 125-147.

[M.Z. Jedlicki, 1899-1954, was a historian of the medieval state and law. He edited Thietmar’s Chronicle, published 1953.]

Stanislaw Fr. Zajaczkowski, The Rise and Fall of the Teutonic Order in Prussia, Torun, 1935.

[St. Fr. Zajaczkowski, 1890-1977, was born in Lwow/L’viv/ Lvov/ Lemberg. He specialized in the history of Poland-Lithuania and Polish-Teutonic Order relations. This is a brief account published in a series of historical pamphlets presenting the Polish historical view to counter the prevailing German view of this history in English-speaking countries in the 1930s.]

Medieval Polish Nobles

Aleksander Gasiorowski, The Polish Nobility in the Middle Ages, Ossolineum, Wroclaw, 1984.

[The author was a Polish medievalist.]

The Early and Medieval Polish State

Witold Hensel, The Beginnings of the Polish State, Warsaw, 1960.

[Hensel, 1917-2008, was the creator of Polish medieval archeology.]

Pawel Jasienica, Piast Poland, trans. Alexander Jordan,  New York, 1985.

[Jasienica - real name: Leon Lech Beynar - 1909-1970, was born in Simbirsk, lived in Russia and Ukraine until the family returned to Poland in 1920. He fought in 1939-44 against the Germans and in 1944-46 against the NKVD, Red Army, and Polish Communist armed forces. Later,  he was a political dissident and suffered persecution. This is one of his very popular historical studies; for others, see below.]

Paul W. Knoll, The Rise of the Polish Monarchy in East Central Europe, 1320-1370,  Chicago, 1972.

[A key work on the subject by a Polish-American historian of medieval Poland who taught at the University of Southern California,  Los Angeles until retirement in 2008.].

Tadeusz  Manteuffel, The Formation of the Polish State. The Period of Ducal Rule, 963-1194,  trans. Andrew Gorski, Detroit, 1982.

Zygmunt Wojciechowski, Mieszko I and the Rise of the Polish State, Torun, 1936.

[Wojciechowski, 1900-1956, was a historian of the state and law in medieval Poland.]

Medieval Polish Towns

Jan Ptasnik, "Towns in Medieval Poland, " in: Mieczyslaw Giergielewicz and Ludwik Krzyzanowski, eds., Polish Civilization. Essays and Studies, New York, 1979, pp. 68-88

[Ludwik Krzyzanowski, 1906-1986, was a specialist in Polish Literature, had wide interests and many publications. He taught Polish literature at the Univ. of Columbia, New York, and was a longtime editor of the Polish Review, published by the Polish Intitute of Arts and Letters in America. See also later edition of same book. His papers are in the Institute archives.

Jan Ptasnik, 1876-1930, was a historian of Polish culture and  towns in the pre-Partition period.]

Jews in Medieval and Early Modern Poland.

Antony Polonsky, Jakub Basista and Andrzej Link-Lenczowski., eds., The Jews of Old Poland, 1,000-1795, London, New York, 1993.

[Polonsky, born in S. Africa is a historian of Polish Jews and Poland; he holds the chair of Jewish Studies at Brandeis University. He edits the excellent series Polin, on the history of Jews in Poland. He is the author and editor of many books, including the 3 volume history of The Jews in Poland and Russia, Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 2010-12.].

Bernard Dov Weinryb, The Jews of Poland; a Social and Economic history of the Jewish Community in Poland from 1100 to 1800, Philadelphia, PA..,1973.

(Weinryb, b. Poland, 1905, studied at The Teachers’ Institute, University of Breslau, Ph.D; taught in U.S; specialist in Jewish history in Russia and Eastern Europe).     

B. Jagiellonian Poland: Renaissance, Reformation, and Poland in the First Half of the 16th Century. 

(i) General Surveys.

Norman Davies, God’s Playground. A History of Poland. Vol.I., Origins to 1795, New York, 1982, 2002, ch. 10 (Reformation).

[N. Davies, b. of Welsh parents in England, 1940, is the pre-eminent British historian of Poland.]

Daniel Stone, The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 1386-1795, Seattle, WA, 2001.

[This is a key work on the subject. D. Stone is a Canadian historan teaching at the University of Alberta, Edmonton.]

Al. Gieysztor et al, History of Poland, see: "The Commonwealth of the Gentry; J.Tazbir, ch. VII, Poland's Golden Age (1492-1586) pp. 145-179.

( Aleksander Gieysztor, 1916-97, was a well known and widely respected medievalist. He also oversaw the internal reconstruction of the Royal Castle, Warsaw. Janusz Tazbir, b. 1927, is the leading Polish historian of the period; see his book on Reformation Poland: A State Without Stakes, New York, 1973.]

Pawel Jasienica, Jagiellonian Poland, (1386-1648) trans. by Alexander Jordan, New York, 1987.

[On Jasienica, see earlier mention.]

Pawel Jasienica, The Commonwealth in the Silver Age (1572-1648), trans. by Alexander Jordan, New York, 1987.

Adam Zamoyski, The Polish Way. A Thousand-Year History of the Poles and Their Culture, London, 1987, New York, 1993 - ch. 4-7, pp. 46-125.

(A. Zamoyski b. New York, 1949, is a British- educated historian of Polish descent. He has published several books on Polish history and lives in London.]

(ii) Special Topics.

Jagiellonian Poland:Agrarian Economy.

L. Zytkowicz, "The Peasant's Farm and the Landlord's Farm in Poland from the 16th to the Middle of the 18th century," The Journal of Economic History, v. 1, no. 1, 1972.

[Leonid Zytkowicz, b. 1910, a specialist in early modern Polish economic history, taught at the Stefan Batory University, Wilno/Vilnius/Vilna up to 1939, then in Torun  and Warsaw, where he worked in the History Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences.]

Jagiellonian Poland:Arts and Society

Samuel Fiszman, ed., The Polish Renaissance in its European Context, Bloomington, IN., 1988.

(This is the most comprehensive volume on the subject in English, with contributions by experts in various fields. Prof. Fiszman, 1914-1999, born in Radom, Poland, was a historian of Polish literature and education in Warsaw Poland 1958-69. He was a specialist on the great Polish poet Adam Mickiewicz and taught  at Indiana University, Bloomington, IN., 1970-85 . He also edited an excellent conference volume on the Polish Constitution of May 3, 1791, published by Indiana University Press, 1997.]

Andrzej Wyrobisz, "The Arts and Social Prestige in Poland between the Sixteenth and Eighteenth Centuries," in J.K. Fedorowicz, ed., A Republic of Nobles.Sudies in Polish History to 1864, Cambridge, England, 1982. ch. 8,  pp. 153-178.

(Wyrobisz, a specialist in the period, taught at the History Institute, Warsaw University; Fedorowicz was then professor of history at the University of Western Ontario, Canada.]

Jagiellonian Poland Religion and Religious Toleration.

Oscar Halecki, From Florence to Brest (1439-1596), 2nd ed., reprint, Archon Books, 1968

(A work on the establishment in 1596 of the Uniate or Ukrainian Church, sometimes called the Greek-Catholic Church, by a prominent Polish authority on the subject.]

Jerzy Kloczowski, History of Polish Christianity, Cambridge, England. 2000

[Jerzy Kloczowski, b. 1924, a veteran of the Warsaw Uprising of 1944, has published works on the history of religion in old Poland and is the head of the Institute on Eastern Europe at the Catholic University of Lublin.]

Stanislaw Kot, Socinianism in Poland,  trans. Earl Morse Wilbur, Boston, 1957.

[Stanislaw Kot, 1885-1975, was a historian of P. culture and education, also a politician. As a leading member of the Polish Peasant Party, he was a close collaborator of General W. Sikorski, head of the Polish government and army in exile, 1939-43, and was Polish ambassador in the USSR 1941-42. He published a great number of books and articles on Polish history, also his letters from the USSR to General Sikorski; on Socinians, see also P.Wilczek below.)

Janusz Tazbir, A State Without Stakes. Polish Religious Toleration in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, New York, 1973.

[Tazbir, b. 1927, member and a former director of the History Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, is the leading historian of 16-17th century Poland.]

Same, "The Fate of Polish Protestantism in the Seventeenth Century," A Republic of Nobles, ch. 10, pp. 198-217.

Piotr Wilczek, “Catholics and Heretics. Some Aspects of Religious Debates in the Old Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth,” The Sarmatian Review, vol. XIX, no. 2, April 1999, pp.619-628

(V. good article based on the author’s research at the University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland, 1995-96, also London and Rice University, TX. He points out that there was no religious pamphleteering  in Europe which could be compared with what took place in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1560-1660. In spring 1999 Wilczek was teaching  at the University of Silesia. The Sarmatian Review is a quarterly edited by Prof. Ewa Thompson, U. of Texas, Houston, TX., who is a specialist on Polish literature.] 

Jagiellonian Poland to 1569:The Sciences.

Maria Bogucka, Nicolaus Copernicus. The Country and Times,  Wroclaw, 1973.

[The author, b. Warsaw 1929. is a prominent historian of the period, specialist in economic and social history,and the longtime editor of the Eng. lang. periodical Acta Polonia Historica.]

The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth,1569 - 1795

General.

Oswald P. Backus et al., "The Problem of Unity in the Polish-Lithuanian State" (Discussion), Slavic Review, v. 22, 1963, pp. 411 ff. 

Richard Butterwick, ed., The Polish-Lithuanian Monarchy in European Context, c. 1500-1795, New York, 2001.

[Studies of various aspects of the P-L monarchy by experts. Butterwick, a British historian, is the author of a book on Stanislas Augustus; here, he contributed a chapter on the last King of Poland.].

Daniel Stone, The Polish-Llithuanian State, 1386-1795, Seattle, WA, 2001.

[Excellent survey with attention to all the peoples of the P-L Commonwealth. The book was awarded the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America [PIASA] Oskar Halecki Prize.]

Timothy D. Snyder, The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania and Belarus, 1569-1999, New Haven, 2003.

[Snyder teaches East European History at Yale University. This book, awarded the AHA George Louis Beer prize in 2003 and the PIASA history prize in 2004, traces the emergence and development of the West Ukrainians, the Lithuanians and Belarus peoples from their original matrix, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth to 1999.. He has also published a biography of the Polish Marxist, Kazimierz-Kelles Krauz (1872-1905).and other books on Polish and East Central European history. His book, The Bloodlands. Europe between Hitler and Stalin, Basic Books, New York, 2010, first brought the suffering of the peoples of this region to public notice and was widely reviewed. A revised edition is expected in 2012.]

Special Topics.

Jews in old Poland.

(See Jews in Medieval Poland).

Antony Polonsky, The Jews in Poland and Russia, v.I, 1350-1881, Litman Library of Jewish

Civilization, Oxford, Portland OR, 2010. This is vol. 1 of a three volume magisterial study covering the topic through 2008.

Magda Teter, Jews and Heretics in Catholic Poland: A Beleaguered Church in the Post-Reformation Era, New York, NY, 2006; see review by Barbara Skinner in Slavic Review, vol. 66, no. 4, winter 2007, pp. 732-733.

Gershon David Hundert, Jews in Old Poland and Lithuania in the Eighteenth Century, Los Angeles, 2004.

[Excellent social-economic study of Jewish communities all over old Poland, but mostly in the east; awarded PIASA history prize, 2005.]

 

Polish Parliaments, 16 & 17th centuries.

Wladyslaw Czaplinski, ed., The Polish Parliament at the Summit of its Development (16th-17th Centuries), Polish Historical Library no. 6, Wroclaw, 1985

[This is an excellent study; note especially the author’s chapter on "The Principle of Unanimity in the Polish Parliament," pp. 111-119.]

Karol Gorski, "The Origins of the Polish Sejm," Slavonic and East European Review, v. 4, 1966, pp. 122-138..

Jacek Jedruch, Constitutions, Elections and Legislatures of Poland, 1493-1977,  University Press of America, 1982, ch. I, II, pp. 17-176. Revised ed. 1998.

[Jedruch, b.1927 in Poland, d. Greece,1995. was a nuclear engineer; in the U.S. since 1951. History was his avocation.]

Poland-Lithuania:Political structure, political thought and power, 16th & 17th centuries.    

Almut Bues, "The Formation of the Polish-Lithuanian Monarchy in the Sixteenth Century," ch. 3 in Richard Butterwick, ed., The Polish-Lithuanian Monarchy in European Context, c. 1500-1795, New York, 2001. Butterwick is a specialist on 18th c. Poland, author of a biography of King Stanislaw August Poniatowski. See also article co-authored with W.J. Withers, "Peripheries of Enlightenment," Journal for Eighteenth Century Studies, v. 33, no. 2, June 2010, pp. 2010, also available online.

[A look at the Lithuanian part of the monarchy by a Lithuanian scholar. Butterwoth ]

Harry E. Dembkowski, The Union of Lublin. Polish Federalism in the Golden Age, East. European Monographis no. CXVI (116), Boulder, Co., 1982..

[Dembkowski is a Polish-American historian. ]

Robert I. Frost, "Obsequious Disrespect: the Problem of Royal Power in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth under the Vasas, 1587-1886," ch. 5 in Richard Butterwick, ed., The Polish-Litiuanian Commonwealth in European Context, c. 1500-1795, New York , 2001.

[Frost, a British scholar, has published on East European military history.]

Andrzej Sulima Kaminski, The Szlachta of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth and their Government, in: Ivo Banac and Paul Buskhkovich eds., The Nobility in Russia and Eastern Europe, New Haven, 1983, pp.17-47.

Same, Republic vs. Autocracy: Poland-Lithuania and Russia, 1686-1697, Cambridge, Mass, 1993.

(Kaminski is  a Polish historian of Polish origin specializing in Early Modern Poland and East Central Europe, who taught at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.].

Jerzy Lukowski, "The Szlachta and the Monarchy: Reflections on the Struggle Inter maiestatum ac libertatem," ch. 7 in Butterwick, ed., The Polish-Lithuanian Monarchy in European Context, c. 1500-1795, New York, 2001.

[Lukowski is a British historian of Poland.]

Antoni Maczak, "The Structure of Power in the Commonwealth of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, " in: Jacek Fedorowicz, A Republic of Nobles, ch. 6, pp. 109-134.

[By a Polishspecialist on the period. ]

Same: " Unique and Incomparable? The Polish Commonwealth in 16th-17th century Europe," in: Maria Bogucka, ed., Society and Culture. Poland in Europe, Warsaw, 1995.

James Miller, "The Sixteenth Century Roots of the Polish Democratic Tradition," in: M.B. Biskupski & James s. Pula eds., Polish Democratic Thought from the Renaissance to the Great Emigration: Essays and Documents, East European Monographs no. 289, Boulder CO., and New York, 1990, pp.11-28 .

(An interesting essay. Miller was then an editor at D.C. Heath & Co. Biskupski is a Polish-American specialist in 20th century Polish history who taught at St. John Fisher College, Rochester, and now holds the chair of Polish and Polish-American History at the Central State University of Connecticut,New Britain, Ct;. Pula is a Polish-American historian, author of a 1999 biography of Thaddeus Kosciuszko.]

Edward Opalinski, "Great Poland's Power Elite under Sigismund III, 1587-1632. Defining the Elite," Acta Poloniae Historica, v. XLIII, 1980, pp. 41-66.

Henryk Samsonowicz, "Polish Politics and Society under the Jagiellonian Monarchy," A Republic of Nobles, ch. 3, pp. 28-48..

[By a prominent P.medievalist.]

Harold B. Segal, ed., Political Thought in Renaissance Poland: An Anthology in English, PIASA Books, New York, 2nd printing, 2003.

[An excellent selection of works by Polish politcal thinkers of the Renaissance by an authority on Polish literature.]

Andrzej Wyczanski, "The Problem of Authority in Sixteenth-Century Poland: An Essay in Reinterpretation," A Republic of Nobles, ch. 5, pp. 91-108.

[Wyczanski, b. 1924, is an authority on 16th-17th century Poland .]

Polish Towns and Trade, 16th & 17th centuries.

Maria Bogucka, "Polish Towns between the Sixteenth and Eighteenth Centuries, " in: J. Fedorowicz et al., A Republic of Nobles, ch. 7, pp. 135-152.   

(Same, "Amsterdam and the Baltic in the First Half of the Seventeenth Century," Economic History Review, v. 26, no. 3 1973, pp. 433-447.) 

S. Hoszowski, "The Polish Baltic Trade in the 15-18th Centuries," Poland at the XI-th International Congress of Historical Sciences in Stockholm, Warsaw, 1960, pp. 117-154.

(Hoszowski, 1904-1987, was an economic historian.)

Antoni Maczak, "The Balance of Polish Sea Trade with the West, 1565-1646," Scandinavian Economic History Review, v. 18, 1970, pp. 107-125.

M. Malowist, "Poland, Russia, and Western Trade in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries, " Past and Present, no. 13, 1958, pp. 26-42, and Rejoinder, ibid.,  no. 37, 1967, pp. 157-162.

(Malowist, 1909-1988, was an economic historian of early modern East Central Europe and Scandinavia.)

Jerzy Topolski, "Sixteenth Century Poland and the Turning Point in European Economic Development," A Republic of Nobles, ch. 4, pp. 90-90.

(Topolski, 1928-1998, taught at the Adam Mickiewicz University Poznan; he also wrote on the theory and methodology of History.)

Henryk  Zins, England and the Baltic in the Elizabethan Era, trans. H.C. Stevens,Manchester, 1972.

(Zins taught at Lodz University ; he published 10 books in Poland and later settled in the West.. )

Polish Royal Prussia, 15th century and later.

(Royal Prussia was Polish Pomerania, under Polish sovereignty until 1772; Ducal Prussia was East Prussia, under Polish sovereignty 1526-1660).

Karin Friedrich, "Nobles, Burghers and the Monarchy in Poland-Lithuania: the Case of Royal Prussia, 1454-1772/93," in: Richard Butterwick, ed., The Polish-Lithuanian Monarchy in European Context, c. 1500-1795, New York, 2001, pp. 93-116.

Same, The other Prussia : Royal Prussia, Poland and Liberty, 1569-1772, Cambridge, England, New York, 2000.

( awarded the AAASS Orbis Prize in 2001.)

Karol Gorski , "The Royal Prussian Estates in the Second Half of the XV Century and their Relation to the Crown of Poland, " Acta Poloniae Historica, v. 10, 1964, pp. 49-44.

(Gorski was a specialist on the subject.)

Poland: Wars,16th & 17th centuries.

Wieslaw Majewski, "The Polish Art of War in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, A Republic Of Nobles, ch. 9, pp. 179-197

(Majewski was then a member of the Wojskowy Instytut  Historyczny - Military History Institute - Warsaw;

See also the English historian  Robert Frost on same subject, in papers of the 50th anniversary congress of the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences in America, 1992, East European Monographs, Boulder CO., and New York 1994). 

C. Medieval and Early Modern Bohemia 

Charles IV. Holy Roman Emperor, 1316-1378,

(Autobiography edited by Balazs Nagy, translated by Paul W. Knoll and Frank Schaer, Introduction by Ferdinand Seibt, Budapest, 2001. B. Nagy teaches in the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest; Paul W. Knoll recently retired from the University of Southern California; Frank Schaer teaches at the Central European University, Budapest.)    

Reginald R. Betts, Essays in Czech History,  London, 1969.

(Betts a British specialist in Czech history; these essays are mostly on medieval Czech history but the last essay analyzes Thomas G. Masaryk’s philosophy of history.)

Peter Brock, The Political and Social Doctrines of the Unity of Czech Brethren in the Fifteenth and Early Sixteenth Centuries, The  Hague, 1957.

(Peter de Beauvoir Brock, b.Guernsey, Channel Islands, 1920, d. Toronto 2005, studied in Britain and Poland; was a specialist in the early modern and modern history of East Central Europe, also the history of Pacifism. He taught at Columbia Univ. New York and the University of Toronto.)

Kenneth J.Dillon, King and Estates in the Bohemian Lands, 1526-1564, Brussels, 1976.

(The book also covers the period up to the outbreak of the Thirty Years’ War, 1618. and has a bibliography.)

Frederick G. Heymann, George of Bohemia and the Heretics, Princeton, N.J., 1965

(George of Podebrady, Bohemia, King 1458-71, was known as the "Hussite King." Heymann, b. Berlin 1924, d. 1983, taught in Prague, then the. Institute of Advanced Studies Princeton, N.J., and University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. He was a historian of medieval and early modern East Central Europe, especially, the Czech lands. See also O.Odlozilik book.).

Frederick G. Heymann, John Zizka and the Hussite Revolution, Princeton, N.J., 1955.

(Jan Zizka, c. 1360-1412 was the greatest Hussite military leader. He served  many years in the Polish army and fought in it at the Battle of  Grunwald, July 14, 1410, when the Poles, Belarusians and Lithuanians defeated the Teutonic Knights. The three peoples celebrate the anniversary every year.)

Howard Kaminsky, A History of the Hussite Revolution, Berkeley CA and Los Angeles, 1967.

(A very detailed history. Kaminsky, b. New York, 1924, is a historian of religion in medieval W.Europe.)

Same, “The Religion of Hussite Tabor,”in: Miroslav Rechcigl, ed., The Czechoslovak Contributions to World Culture, The Hague and London, 1964, pp. 210-223.

John Martin Klassen, “The Nobility and the Making of the Hussite Revolution,” East European Monographs, Boulder, Co., and New York, 1978    

(Klassen, b. Winnipeg, Canada, 1939, was then teaching at Trinity Western College, Canada. He drew attention in this collection of essays to the important role of the Bohemian nobles who supported the Hussites at the beginning of the wars, thus pointing out the fallacy of the traditional interpretation of the Hussites as a “democratic” movement.)

(On the great King George of Podebrady - see book by  F. G. Heymann above.

Otakar Odlozilik , The Caroline University, 1348-1948, Prague, 1948.

(On the 500th anniversary of the Charles IV University. Odlozilik,1899 - 1973 was a great Czech historian of the period.)

Same: Jan Amos Komensky (Comenius), In commemoration of the 350th anniversary of Comenius birthday, Chicago, 1942.

(On the great Czech theologian and educator, 1592-1670, who fled Bohemia for Poland, Sweden, then Amsterdam, Holland).

Joseph V. Polisensky, The Thirty Years War, trans. Robert Evans, London, 1971, 1974.

(J.V. Polisensky, 1915-2001, was a prominent Czech historian of this period.).  

Matthew Spinka, John Hus. A Biography, Princeton, N.J., 1968.

(M. Spinka, 1890-1972, was a Czech historian of religion).

Same, John Hus’s Concept of the Church, Princeton, N.J., 1966.

(Includes information on  some of Hus’s major opponents).

Alfred Thomas, Anne’s Bohemia. Czech Literature and Society, 1310-1420, Minneapolis, MN., c. 1998.

(Anne of Bohemai, 1366-1394, was the wife of King Richard II of England, A.Thomas then taught in the Dept. of Slavic Languages and Literatures, Harvard University).

Jarold Knox Zeman, The Anabaptists and the Czech Brethren in Moravia 1526-1628: a Study of Origins and Contacts, The Hague, 1969.

(A major contribution to Czech religious history. J. K. Zeman, b. Czechoslovakia, 1926, is a specialist in religious history.).  

 

D. Medieval  and Early Modern Hungary.

Hungary: General

C.A. Macartney, Hungary. A Short History,  Edinburgh, 1962

(C.A.Macartney, 1895-1978, was the leading British historian of Hungary. This is a short, popular, history; on the Middle Ages, see ch. 1-4).    

Peter F. Sugar, et al. eds., A History of Hungary, Bloomington, Ind., 1990, ch. 1- IX, pp. 1-135.

 (Peter Sugar, 1919-1999, b. in Hungary, taught for many years at  the University of Washington, Seattle, WA. He was  a prominent  American historian of Hungary and the Balkans. The book consists of period studies written by specialists.)

Special Periods and Topics.

Medieval Hungary.

Antal Bartha, Hungarian Society in the 9th and 10th Centuries, trans. by K. Balazs,Budapest, 1975.

(Expert study of 9th-10th centuries East European nomadic societies and their impact on Magyar tribes.)

C.A. Macartney, The Magyars of the IXth Century,  Cambridge, 1930.

(Study of the century in which the Magyars established their state by a British historian of Hungary).  

Andras Rona-Tas. Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages. An Introduction to Hungarian History, Budapest, 1998.

(Rona-Tas was then professor of Altaic Studies and Early Hungarian History at Jozsef Attila University, Szeged, Hungary).

Early Modern Hungary.

Janos M. Bak, Bela K. Kiraly, Gunther Rothenberg, and Peter F.Sugar eds. eds., From Hunyadi to Rakoczi: War and Society in Medieval and Early Modern Hungary, in: East Central European Society and War in the Pre-revolutionary Eighteenth Century,  War and Society in East Central Europe, vol. II., Atlantic Studies...Brooklyn College, 1982  Brooklyn, N.Y., 1982.

(Bak, b. Budapest, Hungary, 1929, was a historian of medieval East Central Europe, professor emeritus of the University of British Columbia, Vancouver. then taught at the Central European University, Budapest. B. Kiraly, b. Kaposvar, Hungary, 1912, d. Budapest 2009, was the garrison commander in Budapest during the Hungarian revolution of October-November 1956 and fought on the side of the rebels. He became an American historian of Hungary, also editor and co-editor of a very useful series of studies on War and Society in East Central Europe; returned to Hungary after the collapse of communism there in 1990.)

Ferenc Szakaly, "The Mohacs Disaster," New Hungarian Quarterly, Spring 1977 (pp. 43-63 - summary of the author's Hungarian language monograph on same).

3. Poland:  Decline and Partitions, 17th and 18th Centuries .

Surveys, Poland in 17 & 18th centuries.

See Al. Gieysztor et al, eds, History of Poland, 2nd ed., 1979: J. Tazbir, ch. VIII, IX on the period 1586-1696, pp. 180-233; E. Rostworowski, ch. X-XIII on 1697-1794, pp. 234-334.

(On Gieysztor, a great medievalist, d. 1998, see earlier biogr. data. Emanuel M. Rostworowski, 1923-1989,was a specialist on the 18th century; besides publishing several books and many articles, he edited 22 volumes of the Polski Slownik Biograficzny [ Polish Biographical Dictionary] in the years 1964-89; Tazbir is a prominent historian of 16-17th century Poland.)

Richard Butterwick, "The Enlightened Monarchy of Stanislaw August Poniatowski (1764-1796), ch. 10 in R.Butterwick, The Polish-Lithuanian Monarchy in European Context, c. 1500-1795, New York, 2001.

Peripheries of the Enlightenment , edited by Richard Butterwick, Simon Davies and Gabriel Sánchez Espinosa, Oxford, 2008.

(Butterwick is a British historian of the Enlightenment. specializing in Poland.)

Norman Davies, God's Playground. A History of Poland,  vol. I. Origins to 1795, New York, 1982, 2002,- ch. 10, 14 -18.

(By the leading British historian of Poland, b. 1940.) 

Daniel Stone, The Polish-Lithuanian State, 1386-1795, Pt. II. The Vasa Period.

Adam Zamoyski, The Polish Way. A Thousand Year History of the Poles and their Culture, London, 1987.

(A. Zamoyski was born in New York of Polish parents, studied in Oxford, England and lives in London. This is a lively, illustrated, history of Poland, mostly on the period up to 1795,  very good on Poland before 1772, then on the First Partition, on the reforms of 1772-91, and the role of King Stanislas Augustus Poniatowski -- see his book on the King below --but sketchy after 1795).

Special Studies.

Polish Economy, 16-18th centuries.

Jerzy Topolski, "Economic Decline in Poland from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Centuries," in: Essays in Economic History, ed. P. Earle, Oxford, 1974,

(The late J. Topolski published works on historical theory, methodology and Polish history. He taught at the Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland).

 Jan III Sobieski

Norman Davies, Sobieski's Legacy: Polish History 1683-1983. A Lecture, London, 1985

(A Study in English and Polish on King Jan III, Sobieski, 1629-1696, ruled 1674-96. The booklet includes selected, translated letters  from Sobieski to his beloved French wife, Marie Casimire d'Arquien, whom he called "Marysienka." In 1683, he led a Polish army which played the decisive role in saving Vienna from the Turks.)

Poland:International Relations, 17th & 18th centuries.

Jozef Andrzej Gierowski, "The International Position of Poland in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries," A Republic of Nobles, ch. 11, pp. 218-238.

(J.A.Gierowski, 1922- 2007, published over 300 works on modern Polish history, and a history of Italy.)

Zbigniew Wojcik, "Russian Endeavors for the Polish Crown in the Seventeenth Century," Slavic Review, v. 41, no. 1., 1982, pp. 59-72.

(Z.Wojcik, b.1922, was the leading Polish specialist on the era of Jan III Sobieski.)

The Uniate/Ukrainian/ Church in 18th c. Poland.'

Barbara Skinner, The Western Front of the Uniate Church. Uniate and Orthodox Conflict in Eighteenth Century Poland, Ukraine, Belarus and Russia, DeKalb, Ill., 2009.

(The Uniate Church, established in Poland-Lithuania in 1596, recognizes the Pope as its head but allows priests to marry and generally uses the vernacular in its services. It is viewed as heretical by the Orthodox Church of Russia, which confiscated its property under Tsarist rule, while the Polish and then the Soviet governments closed many of its churches. Most of its members are the Ukrainians of western Ukraine.)

The Jews in Pre-Partition Poland.

Chimen Abramsky et al eds. , The Jews in Poland, Oxford, 1986

(Conference papers by Polish and Jewish scholars on various periods of Polish-Jewish history, see relevant chapters; Abramsky b.1916, Minsk, Belarus, was a British historian; prof. em. University College, London.)

Israel Bartal, The Jews of Eastern Europe, 1772-1881, Philadelphia, PA, 2005;

( See review by Theodore R. Weeks in The American Historical Review, vol. 112, no. 4, October 2007, pp. 1277-1278.)

Hundert, Gershon David, Jews in Poland and Lithuania in the Eighteenth Century, Berkeley, Los Angeles, 2004.

(Excellent social-economic study of Jewish communities in old Poland; awarded PIASA history prize, 2005.Hundert teaches at McGill University, Montreal.)

Isaac Lewin, "The Protection of Jewish Religious Rights by Royal Edicts in Pre-Partition Poland," in: Mieczyslaw Giergielewicz and  Ludwik Krzyzanowski, Polish Civilization. Essays and Studies, New York, 1979, pp. 115-135.

(Rabbi Isaac. Lewin, 1935-1995, an American scholar b. and educated in Poland, was professor of Jewish history at Yeshiva University, New York and author of books; M.Giergielewicz, ,(1901-1983), was a historian of Slavic literatures and  professor in the Dept. of Slavic Studies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. He published several studies on Polish literature. Ludwik Krzyzanowski, 1925-1986, taught Polish language and literature at Columbia University and was for many years the editor of the Polish Review.)

Iwo Cyprian Pogonowski, Jews in Poland. A Documentary History. The Rise of Jews as a Nation from Congressus Judaicus in Poland to the Knesset in Israel, New York, 1992, ch. 3. Jewish Autonomy in Poland, 1264-1795

(Pogonowski, born Poland 1921, was trained as an engineer and history is his avocation. This album has a chronological survey with documents, maps and illustrations through 1945/47.)

Antony Polonsky, ed., The Jews in Old Poland. 1,000-1795, London, New York, Oxford, 1993.

(Polonsky, born in Johannesburg, S. Africa, has published books on 20th century Poland and the history of the Jews in Poland. He  taught for many years at the London School of Economics,  now has the chair of Jewish Studies, Brandeis University, Waltham, Mass. He is the editor of Polin, annual volumes on the history of Jews in Poland. His history of the Jews in Poland in the 19th century is expected to appear in 2009-10.)

Antony Polonsky, The Jews in Poland and Russia, 1350-1881, Oxford and Portland OR, 2010.

Magda Teter, Jews and Heretics in Catholic Poland: A Beleaguered Church in the Post-Reformation Era, New York, NY, 2006.

(M. Teter is director of the Jewish and Israel Studies Program at Wesleyan University.)

(See review by Barbara Skinner in Slavic Review, vol. 66, no. 4, winter 2007, pp. 732-733.)

Bernard D. Weinryb, The Jews in Poland. A Social and Economic History of the Jewish Community in Poland from 1100 to 1800, Philadelphia, 1973.

(Weinryb, b. 1905 in Poland, educated at the University of Breslau, now Wroclaw, became a U.S. citizen in 1942, and was a specialist in economic and Jewish history).

 The Polish nobility, political thought, government, 17th and 18th centuries.

A. Bruce Boswell, “Poland,” in: A.Goodwin, ed., The European Nobility in the Eighteenth Century, London, 1953, pp. 134-171

(Alexander B. Boswell, who had published a biography of King Stanislaw Augustus and a book on the Poles in 1919, was then professor emeritus of Russian at Liverpool University, England and author of works on pre-partition of Poland. This book, the fruit of a conference at Oxford University, 1952, includes essays by contemporary specialists on England, France, Spain, Lombardy, Prussia, Austria, Hungary, Sweden, Poland and Russia).

Robert I. Frost, “Liberty without License?” The Failure of Polish Democratic Thought in the Seventeenth Century, in: Biskupski & Pula, Polish Democratic Thought, 1990, pp. 29-54.

(Frost is an English historian of early modern Poland, then teaching at King’s College, London University).

Maciej Janowski, Polish Liberal Thought Before 1918, Budapest, 2004; see review by Daniel Stone in Slavic Review, vol. 64, no. 2, summer 2005, pp. 418-419.

Andrzej Kaminski, "The Szlachta of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and their Government," in: Ivo Banac and Paul Bushkovitch, eds., The Nobility in Russia and Eastern Europe, Yale, New Haven, 1983, pp.17-46.

(A.Kaminski, born in Poland is a specialist on the history of 17-18th century Eastern Europe and then taught at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C;  Ivo Banac, a specialist in Yugoslav history, then held the chair of East European history at Yale University; Paul Bushkovitch is a historian of Russia and Ukraine, Yale).

Jerzy Lukowski, Liberty's Folly. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Eighteenth Century, London and New York, 1991.

(A detailed study by a British scholar of Polish descent; broad coverage of social and political history; note esp. ch. 9, 10, on Enlightenment, Reform and Revolt. Lukowski teaches at the University of Birmingham, England.)

See also the colorful memoirs of a 17th century Polish nobleman:

Catherine S. Leach, ed., trans., Memoirs of the Polish Baroque. The Writings of Jan Chrysostom Pasek, a Squire of the Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania, Berkeley, Ca., 1976.

(C.S.Leach is a specialist in Polish and Russian Languages and Literatures; she is retired and lives in Vancouver B.C., Canada).

Maria J. Swiecicka, trans., ed., The Memoirs of Jan Chryzostom z Goslawic Pasek,  New York, 1978. 

Poland, Ukraine and the Cossacks in the 17th century.

Paul Robert Magocsi, A History of Ukraine, Seattle, WA., 1996 and reprints. Part IV. The Cossack State, 1648-1711.

( Magocis, b. 1945,i is professor of history and political science, chair of Ukrainian Studies,University of Toronto, Canada; he has published works on the Rusins of Hungary, in Czechoslovakia, and Ukraine, also atlases of East European and Ukrainian history. The Rusins have been demanding autonomy in independent Ukraine, so far without results.)

Orest Subtelny, Ukraine. A History, Toronto, 1988. Part III. The Cossack Era.

(Subtelny, b. Krakow, Poland, 1943, was then professor of history at York University, Toronto; later he taught at the Ukrainian Research Institute, Harvard University).

Frank E. Sysyn, Between Poland and the Ukraine. The Dilemma of Adam Kysil, 1600-1653, Cambridge, Mass., 1985.

(Adam Kysil, a Ukrainian noble, tried and failed to mediate between the Polish government and the cossack rebels; the author puts the burden of blame on the Poles. In 1985, Sysyn was associate director of the Ukrainian Research Institute, Harvard University, later director of Ukr. Studies Center, Univ. of Alberta, Canada.)

Poland and War, 18th century.

 Gunther Rothenberg, Bela K. Kiraly and Peter S. Sugar eds,East Central European Society and War in the Pre-revolutionary Eighteenth Century, in: Bela K. Kiraly, ed., War and Society in East Central Europe, vol. II., Atlantic Studies....Brooklyn College, 1982. PT IV: Polish Society and War, pp. 165-254.

(For authors' biogr. data see earlier mention of this book.)

The Partitions of Poland and Tadeusz Kosciuszko.

The Historiography of the 1st Partition of Poland, 1772,

See articles in special number of The Polish Review, v. XVII, no. 4, 1972. 

Jerzy Topolski, "Reflections on the First Partition of Poland," Acta Poloniae Historica, v. 27, 1973 (pp. 89-104).

Monographs on the Partitions of Poland.

Herbert H. Kaplan, The First Partition of Poland, New York, 1962

(H. H. Kaplan, b. New York, 1932, is a historian of Russia and Poland. who taught for many years at Indiana University, Bloomington, IN. This is a rather pessimistic study).

Robert H. Lord, The Second Partition of Poland: A Study in Diplomatic History, Cambridge, Mass., 1915

( Robert H. Lord, 1855-1954, was professor of history at Harvard University. He was a member of the U.S. Commission of Inquiry preparing materials for the U.S. Delegation to the Peace Conference, 1919. This is a detailed diplomatic study sympathetic to Poland; old but still useful.)

 Same: "The Third Partition of Poland, " Slavonic and East European Review, v. 3, 1925 (pp. 401-98).  

Jerzy Lukowski, The Partitions of Poland, 1772, 1793, 1795. New York, 1999 (short study).

Tadeusz Kosciuszko,

Edward P. Alexander, "Jefferson and Kosciuszko: Friends of the Liberty of Man," The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, v. XCII, no. 1., 1968, pp. 87-102 (excellent, short study).

M .K. Dziewanowski,"Tadeusz Kosciuszko, Kazimierz Pulaski and the American War of Independence: A Study in National Symbolism and Mythology," in: Jaroslaw Pelenski, The American and European Revolutions, pp. 125-147. (M.K. Dziewanowski, 1912-2005, served in the Polish Armed Forces in the West in WWII; emigrated to the U.S., obtained his Ph.D. at Harvard; taught at Boston University and U. of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; he published books on Polish, Russian and Soviet History. Jaroslaw Pelenski, b.1929, was a specialist in Ukrainian history who taught at the Univ. of Iowa. He published nine books in English and Ukrainian.

Emanuel Halicz "Kosciuszko and the Historical Vicissitudes of the Kosciuszko Tradition," in: Bela Kiraly, ed., War and Society in East Central Europe, v. IV, East European Monographs 150, Boulder,CO., New York, 1984, 55-74.

(E. Halicz, born Poland, 1922, was a colonel of the Polish People's Army; he emigrated to Denmark and was a historian of 18-19th century Poland.

Miecislaus Haiman, Kosciuszko in the American Revolution, New York, 1943 (A laudatory work.)

(M. Haiman, 1888-1940, b. in Zloczow, Poland, in the U.S. since 1913, was a self-educated Polish-American historian who published  works on Polish history and  Poles in America. He developed the Polish Musueam of America, .Chicago. See the newer studies on Kosciuszko by M.K. Dziewanowski, E. Halicz, Brian Porter and Alex Storozynski.)

same, Kosciuszko, Leader and Exile, New York, 1946

Jefferson Kosciuszko Correspondence, edited with Introduction and notes by Bogdan Grzelonski, Warsaw, 1978.

(The introduction is excellent; these letters cover the period 1798-1817; the appendix contains some letters in the original French. Grzelonski is a historian of modern Poland and Poles in America, who became Rektor (Chancellor) of Plock University, Poland.)

Jan Stanislaw Kopczewski, Kosciuszko and Pulaski, Warsaw, 1976.

(Illustrated study of the two leading Polish participants in the American War of Independence, also of  Kosciuszko in 1794 and later).

Jozef Pawlikowski, "Can the Poles Attain their Independence?" in: Kiraly, War and Society, pp. 553-622.

(Pawlikowski, 1767-1829, was a publicist,  secretary to Kosciuszko in 1799, so this reflects the latter’s  views to some extent. Published as an anonymous pamphlet in 1800, it advocated partisan warfare under Kosciuszko’s leadership against the partitioning powers. After returning to Congress Poland, Pawlikowski joined the National Patriotic Association, was arrested by the Russians and died in prison.)

(See also: Brian A. Porter, "An Evaluation of Tadeusz Kosciuszko's Contribution to the American Revolution," American Studies, v. X, Warsaw University American Studies Center, 1991, pp. 93-101. See also Porter's study of late 19th - early 20th c. right- wing Polish Nationalism: When Nationalism Learned to Hate, Oxford, 2000. He teaches at the Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor and edits H- Poland net.)

James Pula, Thaddeus Koscuszko: the Purest Son of Liberty, New York, 1999 .

(Pula is a Polish-American historian, then teaching at Utica College. This is  a study of Kosciuszko’s activities in both Poland and the U.S; critical review by James R. Thompson, a historian of Russia teaching at Georgetown University, in The Sarmatian Review, vol. 20, no. 1, January 2000, pp.678-680.)

Alex Storozynski, The Peasant Prince. Thaddeus Kosciuszko and the Age of Revolution, New York, 2009. 

(A. Storozynski is a Polish-American journalist and historian, President of the Kosciuszko Foundation, New York. This is a well written work, based mostly on previous publications as well as research, designed for Americans interested in history. It is highly recommended for all readers interested in this period of Polish and American history.)

Andrzej Zahorski,"The Attitudes of the Polish Estates toward the Kosciuszko Insurrection," in: Bela K. Kiraly, ed., War and Society, vol. IV., 1984, pp. 75-84.

(Zahorski, 1923-1992, was a  specialist in 18th and early 19th century Polish history).

Between the First and Second Partitions of Poland:The Polish Enlightenment and  Reforms, 1772-1791. 

M.B. Biskupski and James S. Pula, Polish Democratic Thought from the Renaissance to the Great Emigration: Essays and Documents, East Eur. Monographs no. CCLXXXIX (289), distr. Columbia Univ. Press, 1990 .

(Biskupski is a Polish-American historian specializing in 20h century Polish and Polish American history; he holds the Blejwas Chair of Polish and Polish-American History at the Central State University of Connecticut, New Britain, CT; Pula is a Polish-American historian, author of a recent biography of Tadeusz Kosciuszko; who teaches at Utica College. This is a very  good collection of studies and documents; note the contributions by James Miller, Robert I. Frost and Daniel Z. Stone). 

Samuel Fiszman, ed., Constitution and Reform in Eighteenth Century Poland. The Constitution of 3 May 1791, Bloomington, IN., 1997.

(This  impressive collection of English language studies consists of 22 Papers discussing many different topics, read at a conference at Indiana University, October 1991, to mark the 200th anniversary of the Polish Constitution. The concluding chapter compares the two Polish political “revolutions” of 1788-92 and 1980-90. S. Fiszman,1914-1999, b. in Poland and trained there in Slavic Literatures, Politics and Sociology, was then professor emeritus Indiana University, Bloomington, IN.)

Barbara Grochulska "The Place of the Enlightenment in Polish Social History," ch. 12 in: J.K. Fedorowicz et al, eds., A Republic of Nobles, pp.239-257

(The author then taught at the History Institute, Warsaw University.)

Jerzy Lukowski, Liberty’s Folly.The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Eighteenth Century, London, New York, 1991.

(ch.9,10 discuss the Enlightenment and Reforms.)

William J. Rose: "Hugo Kollataj: 1750-1812,"  The Slavonic and East European Review, (SEER) v. 29, no. 72, 1950, pp. 49-65.

(Hugo Kollataj, priest, writer and politician was a prominent representative of the Polish Enlightenment who played a key role in drawing up the constitution of May 3, 1791. W.J. Rose, 1885-1969, a Canadian, at the time a YMCA official, was caught by World War I in Teschen/Cieszyn/Tesin Silesia. He learned Polish and participated in working out a local Polish-Czech agreement dividing the area into Polish and Czech regions in early November 1918. He   presented  the Polish case for the region at the Paris Peace Conference. Later, he obtained a Ph.D. in Polish history at the Jagiellonian University, Krakow, taught at  the School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University of London, 1935-1950, was its director in the 1940s and the co-editor of the Slavonic and East European Review 1938-49. He retired in Canada and called his place of residence "Naramata Pole.")  

same, "Stanislaw Konarski, Preceptor of Poland," SEER, v. IV, no. 10, 1925, pp. 23-41;

(S. Konarski, 1700-1773, was an enlightened priest, educator and reformer; see book on him below.)

same, "Stanislaw Staszic, 1755-1826," SEER., v. 52, no. 81, 1955, pp. 291-303.

(Staszic was an enlightened priest, political writer, reformer and scientist).

Same. Stanislaw Konarski, Reformer of Education in Eighteenth Century Poland, London, 1929.

(Th is is the major English language study of Konarski.) 

Grzegorz Leopold Seidler, The Reform of the Polish School System in the Era of Enlightenment, Annales Univ. Mariae Curie-Sklodowska, v. XX,1, Section G, Lublin, 1973, pp. 1-17.

(Seidler, 1913-2004, was then professor emeritus of legal theory, the state and law, of the Jagiellonian University, Krakow. This is a succinct presentation of the reforms.)

Daniel Z. Stone, "Democratic Thought in Eighteenth Century Poland," in: Biskupski & Pula, Polish Democratic Thought, 1990, pp. 55-72.

(D. Z. Stone, b.1942, is a specialist on modern Polish history, who then taught at the University of Winnipeg, Canada.)

Same, Polish Politics and National Reform, 1775-1778, East. European Monographs. Boulder, Co., 1976.

(A rather negative account, compare Adam Zamoyski below.)

Adam Zamoyski, The Last King of Poland, London, 1992

(This is a lively successor to R.N. Bain's older study: The Last King of Poland and his Contemporaries, London, 1909, U.S. reprint 1971.

R. Nisbet Bain, 1854-1909 was a British historian of Russia. Zamoyski, b. 1949, and author of several books on Polish history, is much more sympathetic to King Stanislas Augustus than Daniel Stone.) 

Western Views of 18th century Poland.    

Nell Holladay Boand, Lewis Littlepage, Richmond, VA., 1970.

(N. Holladay Boand, a descendant of L. Littlepage, collected letters and other archival papers on his life and travels to write this book together with Marjorie Peters. The peripatetic  Littlepage, a native of Virginia, sought his fortune in Europe. He worked in the King’s service 1786-88, and again in 1791-94 and 1796-97. He corresponded with Thomas Jefferson and other famous men of the time.)

Miecislaus Haiman, The Fall of Poland in Contemporary American Opinion, Chicago, 1935.

(M. Haiman ,1888-1949, b. in Poland, was a historian of Polish America; see his book on T. Kosciuszko listed earlier.)

 D.B. Horn, British Public Opinion and the First Partition of Poland, Edinburgh, 1945.

(Horn, a British historian, authored a book on Sir Charles Hanbury Williams, 1708-1759, and European Diplomacy (London, 1930.)

Jean Jacques Rousseau, The Government of Poland, trans. Willmoore Kendall, Indianapolis, IN., 1972

(By the famous French “philosophe” who lived in 1712-78; first published in 1782. He advised the Poles to be "indigestible" to their enemies; they proved to be so.)

Polish-American Relations in the Revolutionary Era.

Anna M. Cienciala, “The American Founding Fathers and Poland,” in   Jaroslaw Pelenski, ed., The American and European Revolutions, 1776-1848: Sociopolitical and Ideological Aspects, Univ. of Iowa Press, 1980, pp. 111-124..

(Pelenski, b. Warsaw, Poland, 1929, educated in Munich and the U.S.  a specialist in early modern East Central Europe and Russia, is professor emeritus University of Iowa, Iowa City; Cienciala, b. Danzig/Gdansk, 1929, Prof. Em. Univ. of Kansas,is a specialist on Polish foreign policy and international relations 1914-45. Prof. Pelenski persuaded her to make this excursion into earlier times.)

M.K. Dziewanowski, “Tadeusz Kosciuszko, Kazimierz Pulaski, and the American War of Independence: A Study in National Symbolism and Mythology,” in Pelenski, ibid., pp.125-147.

(Dziewanowski,1913 -2007, was born into a Polish family in Zytomierz, former eastern Poland now Zhitomir,Ukraine, was a prominent American historian of Poland and Russia, also World War II. He taught at the Univ. of Boston and the University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee, WI.)

Piotr S. Wandycz, “The American Revolution and the Partitions of Poland,” in Pelenski, ibid., pp. 95-110.

(Wandycz, b. Poland, 1923, is the leading authority on Polish foreign relations 1918-36, the leading American historian of Poland, 1795-1939, and of  East Central Europe, 1660- present. He is professor emeritus of Yale University where he held the chair of East European History.)

Polish views of America:

Jerzy Jedlicki, "The Image of America in Poland, 1776-1945," Reviews in American History, Dec. 1986, pp. 686-96.

(Jedlicki, b. Warsaw, 1930,is a specialist in Polish intellectual history and the Polish intelligentsia; he then taught at the History Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw.).

Eugene Kusielewicz, “Poland’s changing attitudes toward the American Revolution,” in:Bela K. Kiraly, George Barany, eds., East Central European Perceptions of Early America, Lisse, Holland, 1977, pp. 89-96.

(E. Kusielewicz, 1936-1998, was a Polish-American historian and long-time director of the Kosciuszko Foundation, New York, also professor at St. John’s College.. This is a brief survey of the topic. Kiraly and Barany were American historians of Hungarian origin.)

Zofia Libiszowska, “American thought in Polish Political Writings of the Great Diet (1788-1792),” in: Polish-American Studies,  Wallace D. Farnham, ed., Warsaw, 1976, pp. 41-58.

(Z.Libiszowska,. 1918-2000, a professor of history at Lodz University, was then the leading Polish authority on Polish attitudes toward American and British institutions, and vice versa, also events in the late 18th century; Prof. W. D. Farnham, 1928-2004, was a specialist in American constitutional history; at this time, he was a professor at Illinois University, Urbana, IL.,  teaching at the American Studies Institute, University of Warsaw.) 

Same, “Polish Opinion of the American Revolution,” Polish-American Studies, vol. 34, Warsaw, 1977, pp. 5-15. 

Irene M. Sokol, “Eighteenth Century Polish Views on American Republican Government,” i n: Kiraly, Barany, East Central European Perceptions, pp. 89-96.

(I.M.Sokol, grad. of Hunter College; Ph.D. Warsaw University, was then teaching at Farleigh Dickinson University, Madison, N.J; she died in 2005.)

Same: “The American Revolution and Poland: A Bibliographical Essay,” Polish Review, vol. XII, 1967, no. 3, pp. 3-17.

Daniel Stone, "Poland and the Lessons of the American Revolution," in: Bela K. Kiraly, ed. East Central European Society and War in the Era of Revolutions, 1775-1856, in the series: War and Society in East Central Europe, vol. IV, Social Science Monographs Brooklyn College Press, East European Monographs, no. CL (150), Boulder, CO. and New York, 1984, pp. 3-10.

(B.K. Kiraly, b. 1912, was garrison commander in Budapest in the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, emigrated to the U.S., became a historian of Hungar; taught at Brooklyn College; , returned to Budapest 1990, was an independent member of the Hungarian parliament, 1990-94 and died 2009.. He initiated the valuable series on War and Society in East Central Europe.)

Polish Women before Industrialization.

Cesary Kuklo, "Single Woman in Pre-Industrial Towns as a subject of historical research," in: Maria Bogucka, ed., Society and Culture in Poland and Europe, Warsaw, 1995, pp. 112-123

(Covers W. Europe and Poland; for Bogucka, see earlier i.d.)

4. Partitioned Poland, 1795 -1914/18. Surveys.     

Norman Davies, God's Playground,. A History of Poland. v. II. From 1795 to the Present, New York, 1982, paperback 2005.

(N.Davies, b. England 1940, is the leading British historian of Poland.)

Stefan Kieniewicz, "Poland under Foreign Rule, 1795-1918," in: Aleksander Gieysztor et al, eds., History of Poland, 2nd edition, Warsaw, 1979, chapters XIV-XXI (pp. 335-540.

(S.Kieniewicz, 1907-1992, was a leading historian of Poland in this period.)

Piotr S. Wandycz, The Lands of Partitioned Poland, 1795-1918, Seattle, WA., 1974 and reprints.

(Excellent coverage; Wandycz, the pre-eminent historian of Poland, then held the chair of E.European history at Yale.)  

SPECIAL TOPICS.

     1.Polish Nationalism, A. 19th century, General.

Peter Brock, "Polish Nationalism" in: Peter F. Sugar and Ivo J. Lederer, eds., Nationalism in Eastern Europe, Seattle and London, 1969, pp. 310-372.

(P.Brock, b.1920-2005, a specialist in Polish and East Central European history,was then a professor at the University of Toronto.)

(i)Polish 19th Century Nationalism: Historical-Analytical Studies; Political Thought.

Robert E. Alvis, Religion and the Rise of Nationalism: A Profile of an East-Central European City [Poznan], Syracuse, NY, 2005;

Reviewed by Roisin Healy, "Poznanians into Germans and Poles,"

(H-Nationalism, H-Net Reviews, April 2007, URL: http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=188081179775753.)

Patrice M. Dabrowski, Commemorations and the Shaping of Modern Poland, Bloomington and Indianapolis, IN, 2004.

(Excellent study of how commemoration of great Polish deeds and persons, organized by educated Poles, helped develop Polish peasants' national identity in Galicia, Austrian Poland . See review by Laurie Koloski, "Celebrating the Stateless Nation, or How the "Polish Question" Stayed Afloat, HABSBURG, May 2007,(URL:
http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=13175.

Maciej Janowski, Polish Liberal Thought Before 1918, Budapest, 2004.

(see review by Daniel Stone, Slavic Review, vol. 64, 2005, no. 2, pp. 418-41.)

Brian Porter, “Democracy and Discipline in Late Nineteenth Century Poland,” Journal of Modern History, vol. 71, June 1999, pp. 346-393.

(A sophisticated study of National Democratic writings by an American historian of Poland teaching at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI ).

Same, “The Social Nation and Its Futures: English Liberalism and Polish Nationalism in Late Nineteenth Century Warsaw,” American Historical Review, vol. 101, no. 5, Dec. 1996, pp. 1470-1492.

(A new interpretation of Polish Positivism.)

Same, When Nationalism began to Hate: Imagining Modern Politics in Nineteenth Century Poland, Oxford, 2000.

(A brilliant study of the origins of the National Democratic Movement and its ethnic nationalism., Tthe reader should note that there were also other trends in Polish political thought at the time, notably the Polish Socialist Movement, which cooperated with the Jewish Bund and sympathized with Ukrainian opposition to Russia.)

Same: “Who is a Pole and Where is Poland? Territory and Nation in the Rhetoric of Polish National Democracy,” Slavic Review, vol. 51, no. 4, Winter 1992, pp.639-653.

Jerzy Tomaszewski, “The National Question in Poland in the Twentieth Century,” trans. Anna Zaranko, in: Mikulas Teich and Roy Porter, eds, The National Question in Europe in Historical Context, Cambridge, England, 1993, reprint 1994.

(J. Tomaszewski, b. 1930, then taught at the Main School of Planning of Statistics, Warsaw, and was the director of the M. Anielewicz Center for the Study and Teaching of the History of Jewish Culture in the History Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences. The first part of this article covers P. nationalism up to the early 20th century. He has published works on the economic and ethnic history of Poland, also Eastern Europe. M. Teich was then professor emeritus of Robinson College, Cambridge, England, and has published works on the history of the sciences and Czech history; R. Porter was then Reader in the Social History of Medicine at the Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine).

Andrzej Walicki, "The Three Traditions of Polish Nationalism and Their Contemporary Relevance," Paper read at the Polish Studies Center, Indiana University, Bloomington, Ind., March 26, 1987.

(Walicki, b.1938 in Warsaw, Poland, and educated there, is the foremost contemporary specialist on Polish intellectual history and was, for a time, the O’Neill professor of history at Notre Dame University, Notre Dame, IN. He specializes in the history of philosophical thought, has published 20 books and in 1998 received the Balzan Prize for his work on Polish and Russian cultural and social history.)

Same: "The Political Heritage of the 16th Century and its Influence on the Nation-Building Ideologies of the Polish Enlightenment and Romanticism," in: Samuel Fiszman, ed., The Polish Renaissance, pp. 34-60.

(Compare with: James Miller, "The Sixteenth Century Roots of the Polish Democratic Tradition," in:  M.B. Biskupski and James S. Pula, Polish Democratic Thought from the Renaissance to the Great Emigration. Essays and Documents, E.E. Mon. CCLXXXIX (289) 1990, (pp. 11-28);

Same, The Enlightenment and the Birth of Modern Nationhood: Polish Political Thought from  Noble Republicanism to Tadeusz Kosciuszko, Notre Dame, 1989

(Walicki emphasizes the connection between the old Polish "noble republic" and the enlightened republicanism of Kosciuszko.)

Same, Philosophy and Romantic Nationalism: The Case of Poland, Oxford, 1982.

 

(ii)Poland in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, 1797-1815, Poles in European revolutions, and the National Uprisings of 1830-31 and 1863-64. Surveys

Piotr S. Wandycz, The Lands of Partitioned Poland, 1793-1918, Seattle, WA., 1974 and reprints. Part One, The Aftermath of the Partitions, 1795-1830, chapters 1 -5 (pp. 3-104); Part Two, The Age of Insurrections, 1830-1864, chapters 6 through 9 (pp.105-192).. 

(Wandycz, b. Poland 1923, is prof. emeritus of East European History, Yale University. A specialist on interwar Polish foreign policy, he is the pre-eminent historian of Poland in the U.S.)

Special Topics.

A.  Poland, Nationalism: Art and Politics, 1770-1830.

Jan Bialostocki, “Art and Politics, 1770-1830,” in: J. Pelenski, "The American and European Revolutions, 1776-1830,” in: Jaroslaw Pelenski, ed., The American and European Revolutions, 1776-1848, Iowa City, 1980, pp. 363-393.

(J.Bialostocki, 1921-1988 was the pre-eminent Polish art historian of the period.)

B. Poland Nationalism: Nobles as Revolutionaries, 1815-30.

Stefan Kieniewicz, “The Revolutionary Nobleman: An East European Version of the Liberation Struggle in the Restoration Era,” in: J. Pelenski, The American and European Revolutions, pp. 268-286,

(S. Kieniewicz, 1907-1992, was an eminent historian of 19th century Poland, who taught at the University of Warsaw).

C.Poland Nationalism: Military History, Leaders, 19th century

Norman Davies, “The Military Traditions of the Polish Szlachta, 1700-1864,” in: Bela K. Kiraly and Gunther E. Rothenberg, eds., War and Society in East Central Europe, vol. I., Brooklyn College and Columbia University Press, 1979, pp. 137-145.

(N.Davies, b. 1940, is the leading British historian of Poland; Rothenberg specialized in military history; he taught at Purdue University, IN..)

Eligiusz Kozlowski, “The Embodiment of the East Central Revolutionary Warrior: General Jozef Bem, 1794-1850,” in: Bela K. Kiraly, ed., War and Society, vol. IV, 1984, .pp.135-154.

(E. Kozlowski, 1924-1987, was a specialist in 19th century Polish military history; Gen. Bem fought in the Polish Uprising of 1830-31, led Hungarian armies in 1848, then entered the Ottoman service; he died in Syria).

Jan Pachonski, “The Effects of Revolutionary and Napoleonic France on the Shaping of Polish National Military Forces, 1797-1814,” in: Bela K. Kiraly, ed., War and Society, vol. IV, 1984, pp. 85-106.

(Pachonski was at  the time professor of history at the Boleslaw Bierut, after 1989, Silesian University, Katowice, Poland. See his book: Haiti. Poland's Caribbean Tragedy. A Study of Polish Legions in the Haitian War of Independence 1802-1803, East Eur. Monographs., distr. by Columbia University Press, 1986. There is still a village called "Poland" in Haiti, in memory of the Poles.)

Jerzy Skowronek, “Polish Military Formations in National Liberation Movements in East Central Europe, 1795-1850,” in: Bela K. Kiraly, ed., War and Society, vol. IV, 1984, pp. 106-120.

(J. Skowronek, d. 1994, was an eminent historian of the Great Polish Emigration, 1831-63.)

Same, “The Model of Revolution in East Central European Political Thought during the Napoleonic Era,” in: J. Pelenski, The American and European Revolutions,, pp. 248-267.

(See also under: Russian Poland, below.)

D. Poland, 19th Century Nationalism: Political Thought and Movements

Robert E. Alvis, Religion and the Rise of Nationalism: A Profile of an East-Central European City [Poznan], Syracuse, NY, 2005;

[see review by Roisi Healy, "Poznanians into Germans and Poles," H-Nationalism, H-Net Reviews, April 2007, URL:
http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=188081179775753].

Same, Central European City [Poznan], Syracuse, NY, 2005.

[ see review by Roisin Healy, "Poznanians into Germans and Poles," H-Nationalism, H-Net Reviews, April 2007, URL:
http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=188081179775753.]

Eugene J. Kisluk, Brothers from the North: The Polish Democratic Society and the European Revolutions of 1848-1849, Boulder, CO, 2005.]

[see review by Anita Shelton in The American Historical Review, vol. 112, no. 4, October 2007, pp. 1254-1255, or the online review by Krzysztof Marchlewicz, “The Impact of Emigres,” H-Diplo, H-Net Reviews, February 2008, URL:
http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=258381205419909.]

"The Manifesto of the Polish Democratic Society, Poitiers, 1836," in: Biskupski & Pula, Polish Democratic Thought East. Eur. Mongraphs no. 289, Boulder, CO., distr. by Columbia University Press, New York, 1990, pp. 189-193.  

Brian Porter (see his works under Nationalism above.)

Roman Koropiecki, ADAM MICKIEWICZ. The Life of a Romantic, Cornell University Press, 2008.

(Excellent biography of the great Polish poet and patriot, whose poetry inspired generation of Poles.)

Joan N.Skurnowicz, "Polish  Szlachta Democracy at the Crossroads, 1795-1831," in: Biskupski & Pula, Polish Democratic Thought, pp. 73-92

(Skurnowicz published a book on the Polish historian Joachim Lelewel [1786-1861] and other studies; she taught at Loras College, Dubuque, IA, which now has a scholarship in her name.)

Andrzej Walicki, “The Problem of Revolution in Polish Thought, 1831-1848/49,” in J. Pelenski, The American and European Revolutions, pp. 320-362.

Same: Russia, Poland, and Universal Regeneration. Studies on Russian and Polish Political Thought of the Romantic Epoch, Notre Dame, 1991.

(Excellent study of the two national thoughts and their interactions; for other Walicki works, see above.)

Same, “The Problem of Revolution in Polish Thought, 1831-1848/49,” in J. Pelenski, The American and European Revolutions, pp. 320-362.

 E. The Polish Peasant and Nationalism.

Patrice M. Dabrowski, Commemorations and the Shaping of Modern Poland, Bloomington and Indianapolis, IN, 2004;

(How commemorations of great deeds of the past, organized by edcucated Poles, helped develop Polish national identitity in the peasants in 19th c. Galicia/Austrian Poland.. See review by Laurie Koloski, "Celebrating the Stateless Nation, or How the "Polish Question" Stayed Afloat, HABSBURG, May 2007, URL:
http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=13175.)                    

Keely Stauter-Halsted, The Nation in the Village. The Genesis of Peasant Nationality in Austrian Poland, 1848-1914, Ithaca, London, 2001.

(A pioneering work by an American historian specializing in Polish social history; PIASA Orbis Prize, 2001; see review by William W. Hagen in Am. Hist. Rev. v. 107, no. 5, 2002.)

William J. Rose, trans., From Serfdom to Self-Government. Memoirs of a Polish Village Mayor, 1842-1927, London, 1941.

 (Lively writing; the book shows the changing views and developing national identity over time of  Slomka, a Polish peasant and village administrator; on W.J. Rose, see section on Polish Enlightenment and Partitions, above, and Rebirth of Poland, below.)

Polish Nationalism and the two most influential Polish statesmen of modern times

(i) Jozef Pilsudski (1867-1935)

 M.K. Dziewanowski, "Joseph Pilsudski, 1967-1967," East European Quarterly, v. II, no. 4, 1969 (pp. 359-83).

(A positive image by an American historian of Poland, of Polish origin.)

Andrzej Garlicki, Jozef Pilsudski, 1867-1935, New York, 1995.

(Garlicki, b.1935, was then a professor at Warsaw University; this is the translation of an abridged version of his final Polish volume, and gives  a sometomes negative view of Pilsudski after 1918.)

Waclaw Jedrzejewicz, Pilsudski. A Life for Poland, New York, London, 1982; reprint in paperback: New York, Hippocrene Press, 1990.

 (A very positive view by a former Pilsudski legionnaire, minister, diplomat, and emigre historian; b. Ukraine, 29 January1893, d. in U.S. 30 November 1993. he lived to be almost a hundred.)

Aleksandra Pilsudska, Pilsudski. A Biography by his Wife, New York, 1941.

(Aleksandra, Pilsudski’s second wife and mother of their two daughters, Jadwiga and Wanda, writes not only about her husband but also about her activities in the Polish pre-WWI underground socialist movement, in which she met her husband. In the long and wide skirts of the day, she carrried not only underground prints but sometimes also ammunition.)

Jozef  Pilsudski, Memoirs of a Polish Revolutionary and Soldier, trans. D.R. Gillie, London, 1931, reprint London 1941.

( Mandatory reading for those interested in Pilsudski’s views and beliefs).

(ii).Roman Dmowski

Alvin Marcus Fountain II, Roman Dmowski: Party, Tactics, Ideology, 1895-1907, East Eur. Mon. vol. LX, 1980.

 (A good biography which goes up to 1906; the author then taught at North Carolina State University).

Brian Porter (see under Polish Nationalism)

 Frank W. Thackeray, "Pilsudski, Dmowski, and the Russo-Japanese War: An Episode in the Diplomacy of a Stateless People," in John Morison, ed.,Eastern Europe and the West, New York, 1991, pp.52-70.

[ compare with Jerzy Lerski, "A Polish Chapter in the Russo-Japanese War," Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, Third Series, v. VII, Nov. 1959 pp.69-97.].  

 

E. Poland, Nationalism: The Great Emigration 1831-63,

 Robert A. Berry, "Polish Diplomatic Activities in the Ottoman Empire, 1832-1848: The Influence of the Hotel Lambert on Ottoman Policy" in: John Morison, ed., Eastern Europe and the West, New York, 1990, pp. 26-51.

(Paper read at the 4th International Congress of Slavists, Harrogate, England,1990. The Hotel Lambert was the Paris residence of Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski, leader of the conservative wing of the Great Polish Emigration, that is, most of the Poles who had left Russian Poland after the failure of the revolution and thePolish-Russian war of 1830-31; most settled in France.)

Arthur P. Coleman, "The Great Emigration," ch. XIV a in Cambridge History of Poland, v. II, pp. 311-323

( An older sketch of the subject by an American historian of Poland.)

M.K. Dziewanowski, "Czartoryski and his 'Essai sur la Diplomatie,' Slavic Review, v. 30, no. 3., 1971. pp. 589-606.

(On Czartoryski's project for a European League of Nations.)

Same: "1848 and the Hotel Lambert," Slavonic and East European Review, v. 22, 1948 (pp. 149-73);

Hans Henning Hahn, "Possibilities and Limitations of Foreign Policy in Exile: Adam Jerzy Czartoryski in Western Europe, 1831-40," in Morrison, Eastern Europe and the West, 1992 (pp. 3-25).

Eugene J. Kisluk, Brothers from the North: The Polish Democratic Society and the European Revolutions of 1848-1849, Boulder, CO, 2005; see review by Anita Shelton in The American Historical Review, vol. 112, no. 4, October 2007, pp. 1254-125, and the online review by Krzysztof Marchlewicz, “The Impact of Emigres,” H-Diplo, H-Net Reviews, February 2008, URL:
http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=258381205419909

Marian Kukiel,Czartoryski and European Unity 1770-1861, Princeton, N.J., 1955.

(General M. Kukiel, 1885-1973, long time director of the Polish Institute and Sikorski Museum, London, was primarily a military historian. This work is very good on  the Prince’s Balkan policy.)

Kenneth Lewalski, "Fraternal Politics: Polish and European Radicalism During the Great Emigration," in: Biskupski and Pula, Polish Democratic Thought, pp.  93-108.

(Lewalski, b. 1925, d. 2000 (?) was an American historian of Poland).

Memoirs of Prince Adam Czartoryski and his Correspondence with Alexander I,  edited by Adam Gielgud, 2 vols., London, 1888, reprint: Academic International, Orono, Maine, 1968.

(v. I, covers the period 1776-1804; v.II, 1804-1861, but the bulk of volume II covers 1804-15. It includes conversations and correspondence with western statesmen. Prince Adam's love affair with the Empress Elizabeth of Russia was censored out by the family; the original MSS is in the Czartoryski Library, Krakow, Poland). See also 

W.H. Zawadzki, A Man of Honour. Adam Czartoryski as a Statesman of Russia and Poland, 1795-1831, Oxford, 1993.

 (Excellent study based on the holdings of the Czartoryski Library, Krakow, the Zamoyski archives Warsaw, the Public Record Office, now The National Archives, London, and the archives of the French Foreign Ministry, Paris; Zawadzki then taught History at Abingdon School, England.)

F. Polish Nationalism and Polish 19th c. Marxists,

(i) Polish Radical, Anti-Democratic and Anti-National Socialists.

Richard Abraham, Rosa Luxemburg. A Life for the International, Oxford, New York, 1989, 

(A very readable study; Abraham, a British historian of Russia,  also published an excellent biography of Alexander Kerensky. Rosa Luxemburg, 1871-1919, was born and schooled in Russian Poland, but spent most of her life in Germany. She  opposed Polish “bourgeois” nationalism - but also accused V.I. Lenin of being a “Red Tsar.” She was murdered by German right wing irregulars in Berlin, Jan. 1919.)

Lucjan Blit, The Origins of Polish Socialism, 1878-1886, Cambridge, 1971

(Blit, 1904-1978, was a Polish Socialist journalist and scholar. The L.Blit Collection of papers relatingg to Poland is in UCL SEES Library Archives, London; see directory and links in UCL Library Services.) 

Robert E. Blobaum, Feliks Dzierzynski and the SDKPiL: A Study in the Origins of Polish Communism,  E.Eur. Mon. CLIV (154) 1984.

( F. Dzierzynski, 1877-1926, became a follower of V.I. Lenin, and the first head of the “Cheka,” or Soviet security police; the SDKPiL was the Polish acronym for: The Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania. Blobaum, an American historian of late 19th-early 20th century Poland, has also published a book on the Revolution in Russian Poland 1905-07 and edited a book on Anti-Semitism in modern Poland.. He teaches at West Virginia University, Morgantown, W.V.)

Same: "The SDKPiL and the Polish Question (Revisited),"in: John Morison, ed., Eastern Europe and the West, New York, 1991, pp.207-218.)

Elzbieta Etinger, ed. and trans. Comrade and Lover. Rosa Luxemburg's Letters to Leo Jogiches, Cambridge Mass, and London England, 1979. 

 Norman H. Naimark, A History of the "Proletariat”1879-1887, New York, 1979. 

(Naimark is a historian of modern Russia and Poland teaching at Stanford University, Stanford, CA; the “Proletariat” was a very small, Polish radical socialist group).

J.P. Nettl, Rosa Luxemburg, London 1963

 (J. P. Nettl, 1926-68, was an English historian.)

 Marshall S. Shatz, Jan Waclaw Machajski. A Radical Critic of the Russian Intelligentsia and Socialism,  Pittsburgh, 1989.

(Machajski, 1866-1926, belonged to underground socialist groups, was arrested by Russian police 1892, deported to Siberia, but escaped 1903 and lived in the West. In 1917, he went to Russia where he was an anarcho-syndicalist and not active in the revolution. He worked as proof reader for an economic journal. M..Schatz, an American historian of Russia has also published a book of interviews with Jewish communists in interwar Poland later imprisoned in the USSR He is a professor em. at theUniversity of Massachusetts, Boston, MA, and associate at the Davis Center, Harvard.)

Anita K. Shelton, "Rosa Luxemburg and the National Question," East European Quarterly, 1987, no. 3, pp. 297-303.

(Anita Krystyna Shelton is a historian of Czechoslovakia and Poland, who teaches at Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, IL). 

 

Feliks Tych, "The Historical Controversy on the Polish Question in the Revolutionary Movement from Marx to Lenin," in: Michael Urban, ed., Ideology and System Change in the USSR and Eastern Europe, New York, 1990, pp. 141-161.

(F. Tych, b. Warsaw, 1929, is a Polish-Jewish historian of early Polish socialism on which he has many publications. He was rescued from the Warsaw Ghetto and hidden by a Polish family. He is the director of the Jewish Historical Institute, Warsaw. In an interview on June 13, 2005, he firmly stated that comparisons of Nazism to verbal Polish anti-semitism was nonsense and do not reflect historical truth. See "Interview June 13th 2005 in Maxveritas.com.)

(ii) Polish 19th c. Marxists: Democratic Socialism  

Kazimiera Cottam, Boleslaw Limanowski (1835-1935). A Study in Socialism and Nationalism, East Eur. Mon. XLI, 1978.

(A very good biography of a prominent Polish democratic socialist. Cottam later became a specialist on Soviet women pilots in WW II; she lives in Canada.)

Waclaw Jedrzejewicz, Pilsudski. A Life for Poland, New York 1982 and reprint 1990, (pp. 16-44).

(This is a very positive, popular biography of Pilsudski who began his political life as a revolutionary and socialist.. Jedrzejewicz, 1893-1993, was a Pilsudski legionnaire, minister, diplomat, later an emigre historian and long time director of the Jozef Pilsudski Institute of America, New York. Contrast this book with Andrzej Garlicki, Jozef Pilsudski, New York, 1995, a translation of the author’s much larger Polish work, which is somewhat negative on Pilsudski after 1918).

Timothy Snyder, Nationalism, Marxism, and Modern East Central Europe: A Biography of Kazimierz Kelles-Kraus, Harvard, 1998.

(Kelles-Krauz, 1872-1905, was a Polish philosopher and sociologist of Jewish nationality. Snyder sees him as a pioneer of the modern study of nationalism, two decades ahead of Carlton Hayes and Hans Kohn. For one of the several reviews of this book see Kai Struve in H-Net Reviews in the Humanities and Social Sciences. Snyder, b. 1969, teaches at Yale University; he is the author of several books on the history of East Central Europe, including the widely reviewed and path-breaking study Bloodlands. Europe Between Hitler and Stalin, New York, 2010, see Anne Applebaum, "The Worst of the Madness," New York Review of Books, Nov. 11, 2010.)

G.Polish Nationalism and 19th century Positivism,

Stanislaus A. Blejwas, "The Origins and Practice of 'Organic Work' in Poland, 1795-1863," Polish Review, v. 15, 1970, no. 4, pp. 23-54.

(Blejwas, 1941-2001, was a Polish-American historian of modern Poland and Polish America, who created and held the chair of Polish and Polish American Studies at Central Connecticut State University, New Britain, CT).

same, Realism in Polish Politics: Warsaw Positivism and National Survival in Nineteenth Century Poland, Yale, 1984

(best Eng.lang. study on the subject; see also Brian Porter article, “The Social Nation” under: Nationalism.)

Stefan Kieniewicz, "Uprisings and Organic Work in the XIXth Century," East European Quarterly, v. XIX, 1985, Jan. 1986, no. 4, pp. 395-401. 

(S.Kieniewicz, 1907-92, was an eminent historian of 19th century Poland).

Brian Porter (see under A, (i) above.

Wandycz, The Lands of Partitiioned Poland, ch. 13 “The Era of Positivism,” (pp. 260-274);

H. Polish 19th c. Nationalism and the Polish Intelligentsia

Aleksander Gella, "The Russian and Polish Intelligentsia: A Sociological Perspective," Studies in Soviet Thought, v. 19, 1979, pp. 397-420.

(Gella, a Sociologist, born 1922 in Lwow, Poland (now L'viv, Ukraine), participated in the Polish resistance movement in World War II, and taught at SUNY Buffalo . He has published many studies on the Polish intelligentsia.)

Jerzy Jedlicki, "Native Culture and Western Civilization: Essay from the History of Polish Social Thought in the Years 1764-1863," Acta Poloniae Historica, v. 28, 1973, (pp. 63-86);

(Jedlicki, b. Warsaw, 1931, is a professor at the Institute of History, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw.)

same: A Suburb of Europe. Nineteenth Century Polish Approaches to Western Civilization, Budapest, 1999.

(a brilliant dissection of the 19th c. Polish intelligentsia, its perceptions and beliefs.)

  Konstanty A. Jelenski, "The Genealogy of Polish Intelligentsia," Soviet Survey, no. 29, 1959 pp. 112-120.

(K. Jelenski, 1922-1987, was a Polish essayist and literary critic, who lived and worked in Paris,  1951-87).

Stefan Kieniewicz, "The Polish Intelligentsia in the Nineteenth Century," in: Keith Hitchins, ed., Studies in East European Social History, Leiden, 1977, pp. 122-134.

(Kieniewicz was a prominent historian of 19th c. Poland.)

Janina Leskiewicz, "Society in the Kingdom of Poland, 1832-1863," ,ibid., pp. 135-149;

(Leskiewicz is a professor emeritus of Warsaw University.)

Johannes Remy, Higher Education and National Identity. Polish Student Activism in Russia, 1832-1863, Helsinki, 2000.

(Fascinating study of Polish students, mostly from old eastern Poland - now Belarus and Ukraine - who studied at Russian universities between the two Polish uprisings. Remy traces their social status, reading matter, discussions and associations, as well as the attitude toward them of generally tolerant Russian authorities. Remy, who teaches in Finland, was a recipient of the AAASS Orbis Prize for this book in 2001.)

Jan Szczepanski, "The Polish Intelligentsia: Past and Present," World Politics, v. 14, 1962, no. 3.

 (Jan Jozef Szczepanski, 1919-2003, was a prominent Polish writer, reporter, essayist, film scenario creator and translator.)

G.a. Poles and Germans.

Robert E. Alvis, Religion and the Rise of Nationalism: A Profile of an East-Central European City [Poznan], Syracuse, NY, 2005;

[ see review by Roisin Healy, "Poznanians into Germans and Poles," H-Nationalism, H-Net Reviews, April 2007, URL:
http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=188081179775753.]

G.b. Poles and Russians.

Andrew Kier Wise, Alexander Lednicki: A Pole Among Russians and a Russian Among Poles – Polish-Russian Reconciliation in the Revolution of 1905, New York, NY, 2003.

Robert Blobaum, Rewolucja; Russian Poland, 1904-1907, Ithaca, 1995.

[detailed social-political study.]

 

H. Nationalism via commemorations.

Patrice M. Dabrowski, Commemorations and the Shaping of Modern Poland, Bloomington and Indianapolis, IN, 2004; see review by Laurie Koloski, "Celebrating the Stateless Nation, or How the "Polish Question" Stayed Afloat, HABSBURG, May 2007, URL: http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=13175.

(Excellent study on developing national consciousness among the Polish peasants of Galicia in the late 19th century. )

2.ThePeasant Question in 19th c. Poland

Peter Brock, Polish Revolutionary Populism: A Study in Agrarian Socialist Thought from the 1830's to the 1850's, Toronto, 1977.

A very good study. Peter Brock, 1920-2006, as a historian of Pacifism, the peoples of, Eastern Europe, and Poland. He obtained his M.A. and D. Phil from Oxford University (1948, 1954) and a Ph.D. in History from the Jagiellonian Universkity, Krakow (1950). He authored 30 books and numerous articles, taught at the University of Alberta, Smith College, Columbia University and the University of Toronto.

:Stefan Kieniewicz, The Emancipation of the Polish Peasantry, Chicago, 1969.

(best Eng. lang. work on the subject by a Polish historian.)

 Olga A. Narkiewicz, The Green Flag. Polish Populist Politics, 1867-1970, London, Totowa, N.J., 1976, ch. One through Six, pp. 9-168.

(Narkiewicz is a Polish historian then living in England.)

  3. Polish 19th c..Urbanization and industrialization

Aleksander Bochenski, Tracing the Development of Polish Industry, Warsaw, 1971

(Aleksander Adolf Bochenski, b. 1904, was a well known writer and publicist.)

Marian M. Drozdowski, "The Urbanization of Poland in the Years 1870-1970," Studia Historica Oeconomica, Poznan, 1974, v. 9, pp. 223-244.

(Drozdowski, b. 1932, is a historian of 19th and 20th century Poland who has published many books and articles on 20th c. Poland. He is a faculty member of the History Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw.)

Jerzy Jedlicki, "Industrial State Economy in the Kingdom of Poland in the Nineteenth Century," Acta Poloniae Historica, v. 2, 1959 (pp. 155-166).

Same: “The Technical and Industrial Intelligentsia,” in his: A Suburb of Europe, pp.193-204.

(Jedlicki has written extensively on the Polish Intelligentsia. )

4.The Vatican and Poland during the Partition Period.

 Larry Wolff, The Vatican and Poland in the Age of the Partitions. Diplomatic and Cultural Encounters at the Warsaw Nunciature, E.Eur. Mon. CCLV (255), Boulder, CO., and New York, 1988.

(Wolff is the director, Center for European and Mediterranean Studies, Stanford University sice March 2009.)

5. Polish women in the 19th century.

Abraham, Rosa Luxemburg, (see under Marxists.)

Robert E. Blobaum, "The 'Woman Question' in Russian Poland, 1900-1914," Journal of Social History, 35.4 (2002), pp. 799-824.

(available online see http:// muse.jhu.edu/journals. . The author sees the period up to 1910 as witnessing the first Polish feminist movement which was then, however, subordinated to the goal of national independence. Women did not start a second feminist movement until after the collapse of communism in Poland with the elections of June 4 1989.

Rudolf  Jaworski and Bianka Petrow-Ennker, eds., Women in Polish Society, East Eur. Monographs CCCXLIV, 1992.

(Bianka P-Ennker is prof. of East Eur History, Univ. of Constanz; excellent papers read at the 4th International  Congress of Slavists, Harrogate, England, 1990.)

Susan Quinn, Marie Curie,A Life, New York, 1995.

(a well researched biography. Quinn, a writer, has also published a biography of Karen Horney; she lives in Brookline, MASS.)

Robert Reid, Marie Curie, New York, 1974.

(good biography; at this time the Oxford-educated Reid was science adviser for BBC, London, and WGBH, and lived in London.)

6. The Lands  of Partitioned Poland.

(A) Galicia (Austrian Poland) and Cieszyn /Teschen/ Tesin Silesia,

Patrice M. Dabrowski, "'Discovering" the Galician Borderlands: The Case of the Eastern Carpathians, Slavic Review, vol. 64, no. 2, summer 2005, pp. 380-402.

(a fascinating study of how railway expansion led to an imperial visit in the E.Carpathians.)

Norman Davies, God's Playground, II, ch. 4. Galicia (pp. 112-138),

(for author data, see earlier books by same.)

Alison Fleig Frank, Oil Empire: Visions of Prosperity in Austrian Galicia, Cambridge, MA, 2005.

(see reviews by John-Paul Himka, The American Historical Review, June 2006, pp. 925-926 and Daniel Stone, "Lessons of Galician Oil," HABSBURG, November 2007, URL: http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=13873.1]

Christopher Hann and Paul Robert Magocsi, eds., Galicia: A Multicultured Land, Toronto, 2005.

( see review by Alison Frank in Slavic Review, vol. 66, no. 1, spring 2007, pp. 115-117.)

S. Kieniewicz, "The Free State of Krakow, 1815-46," Slavonic and East European Review, v. 26, 1947, (PP. 68-89),

(the Free State of Krakow was established at the Congress of Vienna, 1815; it was abolished by the Austrians after some patriotic Polish intellectuals, calling for revolt against Austria, precipitated the Galician peasant revolt of 1846 against their Polish landowners.)

Lawrence D. Orton, "The Formation of Modern Cracow, 1868-1914," Austrian History Yearbook, v. XIX-XX, no 1, 1983-84, pp. 105-118.

(L.Orton, b. 1941, an American historian of Polish and Czech lands, was then teaching at George Washington University, Washington, D.C; see his book on The Prague Slav Congress of 1848,  [1978], also a study on Polish Detroit [1981].

Kazimierz Popiolek, "1848 in Silesia. II. The Duchy of Teschen," Slavonic and East European Review, v. 26, 1948, pp. 384-89.

(K. Popiolek, 1903-1986,  was, like his father Franciszek Popiolek, 1868-1960, a historian of  Silesia; Franciszek wrote mostly about Teschen /Cieszyn/Tesin  Silesia while Kazimierz wrote mostly about Upper Silesia.) 

James Shedel, "Austria and its Polish Subjects, 1867-1914: "A Relationship of Interests," Austrian History Yearbook, v. XIX-XX, 1983-84, pp. 23-42.

(Shedel, an American scholar, then taught at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.)

Thomas W. Simons, Jr., "The Galician Peasant Revolt of 1846 in Recent Polish Historiography," Slavic Review, v. 30, no 4., 1971, pp. 796-817.

(T.W. Simons is an American scholar-diplomat. He served in the USSR and Eastern Europe for many years, was U.S. ambassador to Poland in the early 1990s, and authored Eastern Europe in the Postwar World, New York, 1991.)

Stauter-Halsted, Keely, The Nation in the Village: the Genesis of Peasant National Identity in Austrian Poland, 1848-1914, Ithaca, N.Y., 2001.

(excellent study; the author holds the Hejna Fmilay Chair of Polish History, University of Illinois, Chicago.

Daniel Unowsky, The Pomp and Politics of Patriotism: Imperial Celebrations in Habsburg Austria, 1848-1916, West Lafayette, IN, 2005;

[see review by Maria Bucur in The American Historical Review, vol. 112, no. 4, October 2007, p. 1275, and online review by John Deak, "How To Do Things with Monarchs: Franz Joseph as State and Symbol,” HABSBURG, H-Net Reviews, December 2006, URL:
http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=161121169672848

Piotr S. Wandycz, The Lands of Partitioned Poland, ch. 11, pp. 214-238.

(Wandycz, b. Krakow, Poland, 1923; Prof. Em. Yale University, is the pre-eminent historian of Poland in the U.S; author of 18 books and over 400 articles and book reviews. The book covers Galicia and Prussian Poland 1867-1914; see also ch. 12, which deals partly with the Ukrainian  National Revival in Austrian Poland.)

same, "The Poles in the Austrian Empire," Austrian History Yearbook, v. 3, pt. II., 1967,, pp. 261-86.

 Henryk Wereszycki, "The Poles as an Integrating and Disintegrating Factor, " idem, pp. 287-313.

(Wereszycki, 1898-1990, was a historian of Poland and Europe specializing in the19th century. He was attacked and pushed aside in the early 1950s mainly on  account of his non-Marxist History of Poland 1848-1918, published1948. Reinstated at the Jagiellonian University after the party leadership change of October 1956, he was able to do research abroad and published studies on 19th century European diplomatic history.) 

Larry Wolff, "'Kennst du das Land?' The Uncertainty of Galicia in the Age of Metternich and Fredro," Slavic Review, vol. 67, no. 2, summer 2008, pp. 277-300.

[On Larry Wolff ,see Galicia, above.]

Nathan D. Wood, Becoming Metropolitan: Urban Selfhood and the Making of Modern Cracow, Northern Illinois University Press, 2010.

(Excellent study of Cracow in the late 19th-early 20th c. For the author's articles and interests, see, University of Kansas, Dept. of History, Faculty.]

The Ukrainians of East Galicia and  Polish-Ukrainian relations, in the 19th century..

 Jan Kozik, The Ukrainian National Movement in Galicia, 1815-1849,  ed. and Introduction by Lawrence D.Orton, tr. from the Polish by Andrew Gorski and Lawrence Orton, Edmonton, 1986.

(Jan Kozik, 1935-1979, published this work in Polish in 1975 as a sequel to his study of the same topic in 1830-1848. Orton was a specialist in the history of international relations and Poland, at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C; Gorski also translated T.Manteuffel’s work on the Formation of the Polish State, published in 1982.)

Paul Magocsi, Galicia: A Historical Survey and Bibliographic Guide, Toronto, 1983 .

(Magocsi is a professor of history at the University of Toronto).

same, A History of Ukraine, Seattle, WA., 1996 and reprints, chapters 31-34.

Andrei S. Markovits and Frank E. Sysyn, eds., Nationbuilding and the Politics of Nationalism in Austrian Galicia, Cambridge, Mass., 1982.

(Sysyn authored a book on Adam Kysil, 1600-1653, see under Decline and Partitions of Poland, the Cossacks.)

Ivan L. Rudnytsky, "The Ukrainians in Galicia under Austrian Rule," Austrian History Yearbook, v. III, pt. 2, 1967, pp. 394-429 

(I.L.Rudnytsky,1919-1984, was born in Vienna, studied in Lwow - now L’viv - Berlin [M.A.1942], Prague [Ph.D.1945], Grad. Inst. of International Studies, Geneva, diploma 1951, and New York. He was a prominent Ukrainian historian and taught at the University of Alberta, Canada.)

same: "Polish-Ukrainian Relations: The Burden of History," in: P. Potichnyj, ed., Poland and Ukraine: Past and Present, Edmonton, 1980.

(reprinted in work cited below).

Same: “The Ukrainian national movement on the eve of the First World War,” in: Peter L. Rudnytsky, ed., Essays in Modern Ukrainian History by Ivan L. Rudnytsky, Edmonton, Alberta, 1987, pp. 375-388,

Timothy Snyder, The Reconstruction of Nations, (2003),ch. 7, Galicia and Volhynia at the Margin (1569-1914), pp. 105-132.

(Snyder, author of several books, teaches East European History at Yale University.)

Orest Subtelny, Ukraine. A History, Toronto, 1988, ch. 17, Eastern Galicia: A Bastion of Ukrainianism, pp. 307-335; new editions, 2000, 2006.

(Subtelny, b. Krakow, Poland, was then a professor of history at York University, Toronto, later at the Ukrainian Studies Institute, Harvard.)

(B)Prussian Poland.

Robert E. Alvis, Religion and the Rise of Nationalism: A Profile of an East-Central European City [Poznan], Syracuse, NY, 2005.

[see review by Roisin Healy, "Poznanians into Germans and Poles," H-Nationalism, H-Net Reviews, April 2007, URL:
http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=188081179775753.]

Richard Blanke, "An Era of Reconciliation in Polish-German Relations (1890-1894), Slavic Review, v. 36, no. 1, pp. 1-24.

(Blanke is an American historian of German descent teaching at the University of Maine.) 

same Prussian Poland in the German Empire (1871-1900), East European Monographs., LXXXVI (86) 1981.

(deals with Prussian policy).

same, Polish-Speaking Germans? Language and National Identitity among the Masurians since 1871, Cologne, 2001.

(a study of germanized, Protestant Poles.)

"Germans and Poles, 1849-1940 - A Symposium," Polish Review, v. 17, 1972, no.1;

William, W. Hagen Germans, Poles and Jews. The Nationality Conflict in the Prussian East, 1772-1914,. Chicago, 1980

(Excellent work on Prussian policy and relations between the peoples; Hagen, b. Butte, Montana, 1942, is an American historian of Germany; teaching at the University of California- Davis, CA.)

John L. Kulczycki, School Strikes in Prussian Poland, 1901-1907; The Struggle over Bilingual Education, East European Monographs, Boulder, CO and New York, 1981.

(Excellent study of Prussian germanisation policy; Kulczycki, b. Milwaukee, WI., 1941, is a Polish-American historian of Poles and Poland, Prof. Em. University of Illinois, Chicago.)

Same: “Social change in the Polish National Movement in Prussia before World War I,” Nationalities Papers, vol. IV, no. 1, 1976, pp. 17-53, reprinted in: Studia Historica Slavo-Germanica, vol. VI, Poznan, 1977, pp. 113-137.

Same: “German Cultural Imperialism in Prussian Poland, 1871-1914,” in: Russian and Slavic History, edited by D.K. Rowney and G.E.Orchard, Slavica, Columbus, OH., 1977, pp. 105-122.

same: The Foreign Worker and the German Labor Movement: Xenophobia and Solidarity in the Coal Fields of the Ruhr, 1871-1914, Oxford and Providence, R.I. 1994.

Same: The Polish Coal Miners’ Union and the German Labor Movement in the Ruhr, 1902-1934: National and Social Solidarity, Oxford, New York, 1997.

Harry Kenneth Rosenthal, German and Pole. National Conflict and Modern Myth, Gainesville, Fla., 1976.

(A good exposition  of German views of Poles; H. K. Rosenthal, 1941- 2006, was then teaching at Fordham University. See also his article: "National Self-Determination; The Example of Upper Silesia," Journal of Contemporary History, 1972, 7, 231-242, where he argues against assigning the people of this region to either Polish or German nationality.)

Lech Trzeciakowski, "The Prussian State and the Catholic Church in Prusssian Poland, 1871-1914," Slavic Review, v. 26, 1967.

(Trzeciakowski, b. 1931, was a historian of 19th century Poland with special emphasis on Prussian Poland; he was then teaching at the Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan.)

Richard W. Tims, Germanizing Prussian Poland: The H-K-T Society and the Struggle for the Eastern Marches of the German Empire, New York, 1941

 (KHT stood for Hannemann, Kenneman and Thiedemann, three leading German landowners and germanizers of Poles in Prussian Poland. This is an older work by an American historian, which is still useful.).   

         

(C)Russian Poland; Poles and Russians:.Surveys

N. Davies, God's Playground, II, ch. 13, Kongresowka.

(see previous citation for author and book.)

Piotr S. Wandycz, Lands of Partitioned Poland, ch. 4, 6, 9, ff.

(see previous citation for biogr. data.)

Special Studies.

(i)Russian-Polish Relations and the Polish Question.

Edward Chmielewski, The Polish Question in the Russian State Duma, (1907-1914), Knoxville, Tenn., 1970.

(A competent study based on Russian sources; the author, b. 1928, Albany, N.Y., was then teaching at the University of Tennessee at Knoxville, TN.)

 Jacob Kipp, "Policing Pahskevich's Poland: The Corps of Gendarmes and Polish Society," in Kiraly, War and Society in East Central Europe, vol. IV, East European Monographs no. 150, Boulder Co., and New York, 1984, pp. 200-217.

(J. Kipp is a specialist in military history, weapons and strategy, particularly the USSR and the Federal Russian Republic; he was then a Senior Analyst for Military Studies, Fort Leavenworth, KS, also Adjunct Professor of History at the University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS. This work,  deals with Russian Poland c. 1831-50.)   

Eligiusz Kozlowski, "The Army and Population of the Polish Kingdom, 1815-1830," in Kiraly, War and Society in East Central Europe, vol.IV, East Eur.. Mon., no. 150, pp. 157-170.

(Kozlowski, 1924-1987, was a Polish military historian specializing in the19th century, particularly the Polish uprising of 1863-64 against Russia.)

Waclaw Lednicki, Russia, Poland and the West: Essays in Literary and Cultural History,  New York, 1954.

(W. Lednicki, 1891-1967, born in Poland, in U.S. since 1940, was a  historian of Polish and Russian literature who taught at Harvard University, later at  the University of California, Berkeley, CA; see also work by Andrew Kier Wise.)

Angela T. Pienkos, The Imperfect Autocrat. Grand Duke Constantine Pavolovich and the Polish Congress Kingdom, E. Eur. Mon. CCXVII -217- Boulder, CO., and New York, 1987.

(Pienkos, b. 1941, Chicago, wife of historian Donald E. Pienkos, is an educator, administrator and historian in Milwaukee, WI.)

Ralph W. Thackeray, Antecedents of Revolution. Alexander I and the Polish Kingdom, E.Eur. Mon. LXVII - 67 - Boulder, CO., and New York, 1980.

(Thackeray, a historian of Poland and Russia, then taught at Indiana University Southeast, Albany, IN.) 

(ii)Polish Revolutions/Insurrections against Russia, 1830-31 and 1863-64,Surveys

Norman Davies, God's Playground, II, ch. 2 and 16;

Wandycz, Lands of Partitioned Poland, Part Two, The Age of Insurrections, ch. 6- 9 (pp. 105-192).

(A)The Revolution of November 1830-31 

Czeslaw Bloch, "The Polish Army and Society in the November Insurrection," in: Kiraly, War and Society in East Central Europe, v .IV, East European Monographs  no. 150, Boulder CO and New York, 1984, pp. 171-188. 

(Bloch then taught history at the Catholic University, Lublin, Poland ).

R.F. Leslie, Polish Politics and the Revolution of November 1830, London, 1956.

(Leslie was an English historian of Poland with left-wing sympathies. This led him to take a very critical view of the Polish nobility and gentry who fought against the Russians.)

Marian Zgorniak, "The Social Structure of the Polish Army in the November Insurrection," East European. Monographs. No. 150, pp. 189-199.

(M. Zgorniak, 1924-2007, was a lawyer and historian, a specialist in and author of many works on Polish military history. In WWII, he fought in the Armia Krajowa; was held in concetnraton camps; decorated for bravery 1944 and for his work, 2003. He taught at the Jagiellonian University, Krakow.)

(i).American Reactions to the Polish Revolution of 1830-31.

Arthur P. Coleman, A New England City and the November Uprising, Chicago, 1939.

(Arthur P. Coleman, 1852-1939, was an American specialist in Polish Literature, who taught at Harvard University).

Andrzej Dakowski, “The Coverage of the Polish November Insurrection of 1830-31 in the Contemporaneous American Newspapers and Magazines,” American Studies, American Studies Center, Warsaw University, vol. X, 1991, pp. 103-118.

Jerzy Jan Lerski, A Polish Chapter in Jacksonian America, Madison, Wisc., 1958.

(Lerski, 1919-1972, was a veteran of WWI.; He fought the Germans in 1939; escaped from Soviet capitivity; joined the Polish Army in France, then Britain; wwas prachuted into Poland as a courier and returned to London. After obtaining a Ph.d. in history, a Georgetown Univ., he taught in San Francisco University and published 7 boooks, incl. his autotobiohraphy and A Dictionary of Polish History, 966-1945.)

(ii) The International Context of the Polish Revolution of 1830-31

 Jan A. Betley, Belgium and Poland in International Relations, 1830-1831, Hague, 1960 .

(A good study in diplomatic history by a Polish emigre historian.)

(B) The Polish Revolution of 1863-64,

(i) The Antecedents.

R.F. Leslie, Reform and Insurrection in Poland 1856-1865, London, 1963.

(See note on his book about the revolution of 1830-31, above. He is, again, rather negative about the noble insurrectionists.)

Irena M. Roseveare, "Wielopolski's Reforms and their Failure before the Uprising of 1863, Antemurale, v. 15, Rome, 1971, pp. 82-214.

(A competent study in a respected Polish emigre historical journal.)

Stanley J. Zyzniewski, "The Futile Compromise Reconsidered: Wielopolski and Russian Policy 1861-3," American Historical Review, v. 70, 1964, no. 2, pp. 395-412..

(S. Zyzniewski was a Polish-American historian specializing in this period of Polish history).

(ii)The insurrection of 1863-64.

Leslaw Dudek, "The Logistics of the Insurgent Troops in the January Insurrection," Antemurale, vol. VII-VIII, Rome, 1963, pp. 92-107. 

Emanuel Halicz, Polish National Liberation Struggles and the Genesis of the Modern Nation.Collected Papers translated by Roger A. Clark, Odense, 1982..

(E.Halicz, b. Lwow/Lviv,1922, Ph.d. Jagiellonian University; taught at Warsaw University and the Military Political Academy. Losing his position and rank in the anti-Semitic wave of 1968, he emigrated with his family to Denmark, 1971, and taught at Odensee University.)

  same: Partisan Warfare in 19th Century Poland, The Development of a Concept, translaed by Jane Fraser, Odense, Denmark, 1975.

(Military-social study).

  Stefan Kieniewicz, "Polish Society and the Insurrection of 1863," Past and Present,  no. 37, Oxford, 1967, pp. 139-148.

(By a Polish specialist in 19th c. Polish history; see arlier i.d.).

 Marian Kukiel, "Military Aspects of the Insurrection of 1863-4, " Antemurale, Rome, v. VII-VIII, 1963, pp. 363-396.

(M. Kukiel ,1885-1972, a Polish officer and military historian, was minister of war in the Polish government-in-exile 1943-45, later a professor at the Polish University- in- Exile and long time director of the Polish Institute and Sikorski Museum, London. One of his work is about an outstanding Polish statesman, Prince Adam Czartotyski:: Czartoryski and European Unity,1770-1861, Princeton, 1955.) .

R.F.Leslie (see sections above).

Walentyna Rudzka, "Studies in the Polish Insurerrectionary Government in 1863-4," Antemurale, v. VII-VIII, Rome, 1963 (pp. 397-476).

(iii)Foreign views of the Polish Insurrection of 1863-64.

 Arthur P. Coleman and M.M. Coleman, The Polish Insurrection of 1863 in the Light of New York Editorial Opinion, Williamsport, Pa., 1934. 

(Coleman i.d. see section on 1830-31.)          

Norman Davies, "The January Insurrection in Poland, 1863-1864, in the Light of British Consular Reports," War and Society, IV, East European  Monographs, 150,1984, (pp. 227-245).

M.K. Dziewanowski, "Herzen, Bakunin and the Polish Insurrection of 1863," Journal of Central European Affairs, 1963 (?);

Emanuel Halicz,The 1863 Polish Uprising and Scandinavia, Copenhagen, 1988.

(Public opinion on the uprising in Scandinavian countries.)

 K.S. Pasieka, "The British Press and the Polish Insurrection of 1863," Slavonic and East European Review, London, v. 42, 1963 (pp. 15-37).

Michael B. Petrovich, "Russian Pan-Slavism and the Polish Insurrection,," Harvard Slavic Studies, v. 1, 1953, pp. 219-247.

(Michael B. Petrovich was born in Cleveland, OH., 1922, d. 1989. He was a historian of Russia and Eastern Europe and taught at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI).

Henry Sutherland Edwards, The Polish Captivity. An Account of the Present Position of Poland and the Poles, 2 vols, illus., London, 1863.

(Henry Sutherland Edwards, 1828-1906, was a well known British journalist, at this time a correspondent of the London Times; his vivid reports were very sympathetic to the Poles.)

same, The Private History of a Polish Insurrection, from Official and Unofficial Sources, 2 vols., London, 1865.

Joseph W. Wieczerzak, A Polish Chapter in Civil War America. The Effects of the January Insurrection on American Opinion and Diplomacy, New York, 1967.

( Wieczerzak is a Polish American historian, author of a biography of Bishop Francis Hodur,a leader of the Polish National Church, USA (1999),and long- time former editor of The Polish Review.)

C.The Revolution of 1905-07 in Russian Poland,  

Robert Blobaum, Feliks Dierzynski  ( see under Polish Marxists).

(Blobaum is a contemporary American historian of Poland.)

same, "The Revolution of 1905-07 and the Crisis of Polish Catholicism," Slavic Review, v. 47, 1988 (pp. 667-86).

Same: Rewolucja: Russian Poland, 1904-1907, Ithaca, N.Y., 1995.

(A social rather than political history, focusing on the working class.)

Richard D. Lewis, Revolution in the Countryside: Russian Poland 1905-07, Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies, no. 56, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1986.

(R.D.Lewis, b. 1930, is a British linguist and historian; author of When Cultures Collide, 2000, 2005.)

Andrew Kier Wise, Alexander Lednicki: A Pole Among Russians and a Russian Among Poles – Polish-Russian Reconciliation in the Revolution of 1905, New York, NY, 2003.

(see earlier citation on author.)

 

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(D)The Russification of former eastern Poland.

Theodore R. Weeks, Nation and State in Imperial Russia: Nationalism and Russification in the Western Russian Frontier, 1863-1914, DeKalb, ILL., 1996.

(T.R. Weeks teaches at Southern Illinois University.).

Same: “Monuments and Memory: Immortalizing Count M.N. Muraviev in Vilna, 1898,” Nationalities Papers, vol. 27, no. 4, 1999, pp. 551-564.

(Muraviev, governor of Vilna province, was known to Poles in Lithuania as “Muraviev the hangman” because of his ruthless crushing of the revolt there in 1863-64. This article is an excellent account of the russification policies he initiated in the western provinces of the  Russian Empire, a policy continued by his successors.)

The Jews of Partitioned Poland

Chimen Abramsky, Maciej Jachimczyk & Antony Polonsky, The Jews of Poland, Oxford, 1986.

(Very good overview in papers by experts read at a conference on the subject held in Oxford; the book covers the period from the Middle Ages through World War II).

Israel Bartal, The Jews of Eastern Europe, 1772-1881, Philadelphia, PA, 2005.

[see review by Theodore R. Weeks in The American Historical Review, vol. 112, no. 4, October 2007, pp. 1277-1278

Robert Blobaum, ed., Anti-Semitism and Its Opponents in Modern Poland, Ithaca, N.Y. and London, 2005.

[see review by Angela White in The Polish Review, vol. LII, no. 2, 2007, pp. 256-259.]

Glenn Dynner, Men of Silk: The Hasidic Conquest of Polish Jewish Society, New York, NY, 2006.

[See review by Joanna B. Michlic in The American Historical Review, vol. 112, no. 2, April 2007, pp. 618-619 or Nancy Sinkoff in Slavic Review, vol. 66, no. 4, winter 2007, pp. 733-734.]

E ncyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora. Poland Series, 5 vols, Jerusalem, 1953-57. 

Aleksander Hertz, The Jews in Polish Culture, edited by Lucjan Dobroszycki, Evanston, Il.,1988.

(An excellent study by an authority on the subject, edited by a well known Polish-Jewish historian. J. Dobroszycki was born in Poland 1925, in the U.S. since 1970 at the Yivo Institute, New York, N.Y., died 1997.)

Joanna Beata Michlic, Poland's Threatening Other: The Image of the Jew from 1880 to the Present, Lincoln, NE, 2006.

(see review by Moshe Rosman in Am. Hist. Rev., v.112, pp. 619-620.)

Ivo Cyprian Pogonowski, Jews in Poland. A Documentary History, New York, 1993, Part III, Atlas, Under Foreign Rule, Competition, 1795-1918, pp. 289-300. 

(Pogonowski is a retired engineer with history as his avocation; this is for the non-specialist reader.)

Antony Polonsky, ed., Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry, vol. 17: The Shtetl: Myth and Reality, Portland, OR, 2004.

( see review by Francois Guesnet in Slavic Review, vol. 65, no. 3, fall 2006, pp. 576-577. Polin. A Journal of Polish-Jewish Studies, edited by Antony Polonsky, annual volumes beg. Oxford, 1986. This is an invaluable series edited by an authority on the subject. Polonsky, formerly at the London School of Economcics, holds the Chair of Judaic Studies at Brandeis University. His History of the Jews in Poland is expected in 2010.For. articles on the 18th and 19th century see esp. vol. I, Oxford, 1986. His history of the Jewish in Poland is forthcoming in 2009.)

Poles and Jews. Myth and Reality in the Historical Context, International Conference sponsored by the Institute on East Central Europe, Columbia University, in cooperation with The Center for Israel and Jewish Studies, Columbia University, 1983

(interesting conference papers)

Piotr Wrobel, "The Jews of Galicia under Austrian-Polish Rule, 1867-1918,"Austrian History Yearbook, 1994).

(Wrobel holds the Chair of Polish History at the University of Toronto).

Nancy Sinkoff, Out of the Shtetl: Making Jews Modern in the Polish Borderlands, Providence, RI, 2004; see review by Daniel Stone in Slavic Review, vol. 66, no. 1, spring 2007, pp. 119-120.

Theodore R. Weeks, From Assimilation to Antisemitism: The “Jewish Question” in Poland, 1850-1914, DeKalb, IL, 2006.

(See reviews by: Danie Blatman in Slavic Review, vol. 66, no. 1, spring 2007, pp. 118-119; John J. Kulczycki in The Polish Review, vol. LII, no. 3, 2007, pp. 387-390; Brian Porter in The American Historical Review, vol. 111, no. 5, December 2006, pp. 1626-1627; Michael C. Hickey, “Why,” H-Russia, H-Net Review, April 2007, URL:http://h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=115601179341453.)

Marcin Wodzinski, Haskalah and Hasidism in the Kingdom of Poland: A History of Conflict, translated by Sarah Cozens and Agnieszka Mirowska, Oxford and Portland, OR, 2005; see review by Moshe Rosman in The American Historical Review, vol. 112, no. 3, June 2007, pp. 950-951.

Literacy, Faith and Ethnic Identity in the  Polish lands.

Stephen D. Corrsin, “Literacy Rates and Questions of Language, Faith and Ethnic Identity in Population Censuses in the Partitioned Polish Lands and Interwar Poland (1880s-1930s), The Polish Review, vol. XLIII (43), no. 2, 1999, pp. 131-160.

(A valuable study; Corrsin was then a Librarian Information Specialist at Columbia University, New York.)

5. The Habsburg Empire and its Nationalities.

A. The Empire.

Ivan T. Berend, History Derailed: Central and Eastern Europe in the Long Nineteenth Century, Berkeley, CA, 2003..[see review by Hugh LeCaine Agnew in Slavic Review, vol. 64, no. 3, autumn 2005, pp. 628-629.]

F.R. Bridge, From Sadowa to Sarajevo. The Foreign Policy of Austria-Hungary 1866-1914, London, 1972.

[Excellent, detailed diplomatic history by a British historian. Bridge is a British specialist in Habsburg history and British foreign policy. In 1990, he was a Reader in International History, University of Leeds, England. The focus of this book is on international relations; it has 16 portraits of Habsburg rulers and statesmen, maps, and a good bibliography; see also work by Barbara Jelavich below].

same, The Habsburg Monarchy Among the Great Powers, 1815- 1918, Munich, Oxford, New York, 1990.

same with Roger Bullen, The Great Powers and the European States System, 1814-1914, 2nd ed., London, New York, 2005.

Maria Bucur and Nancy M. Wingfield, eds., Staging the Past: The Politics of Commemoration in Habsburg Central Europe, 1848 to the Present, West Lafayette, IN, 2001.

(see review by Alon Confino in the Am.Hist.Rev., v. 107, no. 5, Dec. 2002, pp. 1662-1663.)

Tibor Frank, Picturing Austria-Hungary: The British Perception of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1865-1870, Boulder, CO, 2005.

[see review by F. R. Bridge in The International History Review, vol. XXIX, no. 2, June 2007, pp. 387-388.]

David F. Good, The Economic Rise of the Hasburg Empire, 1750-1914, Berkeley, CA., 1984.

(David F. Good, is an American expert on economics and history specializing in the Austrian Empire. In 1992 he was professor of history at the University of Minnesota. This is an excellent study with maps, tables, figures and a bibliography).

Maureen Healy, Vienna and the Fall of the Habsburg Empire: Total War and Everyday Life in World War I, Cambridge and New York, 2004.

[ see review by Solomon Wank, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 37.1, 2006, pp. 120-122, online.]

Barbara Jelavich, The Habsburg Empire in European Affairs, 1814-1918, Chicago, 1969.

(B. Jelavich, 1924-1994, taught at Indiana University. This is a short, popular study by one of the foremost American experts on the Balkans and Eastern Europe; see also work by F.R.Bridge above).

C.A. Macartney, The Habsburg Empire, 1790-1918, London, 1968.

(C.A. Macartney, 1895-1978,was a British specialist on the Empire, especially Hungary and on interwar Hungary; this is mainly a political survey.).

Alan W. Palmer, Twilight of the Habsburgs. The Life and Times of Emperor Francis Joseph, New York,1994.

(A sympathetic study by a British biographer and  historian. Palmer, b. 1926,  has also written biographies of Metternich, Alexander I of Russia, Frederick the Great, and a history of Eastern Europe since 1815, among other works. This book is based on extensive sources, has good notes and a map of nationalities reprinted from Macartney, but no bibliography.).

Joseph Redlich, Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria. A Biography, London, 1939; reprint Archon Books, Hamden, CT., 1965.

(Joseph Redlich, 1869-1936, was an Austrian jurist, politician and historian. This is a very critical biography of Francis Joseph, 1830-1916, who ruled from 1848 until his death and oversaw the transformtion of the monarchy into the dual empire in 1867. )

Gergely Romsics, Myth and Remembrance: The Dissolution of the Habsburg Empire in the Memoir Literature of the Austro-Hungarian Political Elite, Boulder, CO, 2006.

[see review by Steven Bela Vardy in Slavic Review, vol. 66, no. 3, fall 2007, pp. 522-523.]

Daniel Unowsky, The Pomp and Politics of Patriotism: Imperial Celebrations in Habsburg Austria, 1848-1916, West Lafayette, IN, 2005.

(see review by Maria Bucur in The American Historical Review, vol. 112, no. 4, October 2007, p. 1275, or the online review by John Deak, "How To Do Things with Monarchs: Franz Joseph as State and Symbol,” HABSBURG, H-Net Reviews, December 2006, URL:
http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=161121169672848; see also the Bucur,Wingfield book at the top of this section.)

Gunther E. Rothenberg, The Army of Francis Joseph, West Lafayette, IN., 1976.

(In 1976, Rothenberg was professor of military history at Purdue University, IN. The book is a very detailed study of the army’s role in the life of the Empire, particularly its foreign policy).

Alan Sked, The Decline of the Habsburg Empire, 1815-1918, New York, 1989, 2001.

(Sked, b.1947,is a Senior Lecturer in International History, University of London. The book focuses on domestic history; it has a useful chronology and maps.)

Timothy Snyder, The Reconstruction of Nations (2003) ch. 7. Galicia and Volhynia (1569-1914), pp. 105-132.

(for author inf. see previous titles.)

Henry Wickham Steed, The Habsburg Monarchy, London, 1913; reprints 1914, 1919.

(Wickham Steed, 1871-1956, was a British journalist and historian. He was the London Times correspondent in Vienna before World War I and sympathized with the non-German and non-Magyar peoples, so this is a very negative view of the Empire. See also his memoirs below).

same, Through Thirty Years, 1892-1922. A Personal Narrative, New York, 1922.

B. Nationalism and Nationalities in the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Balkans.

Jozef Chlebowczyk, On Small and Young Nations in Europe. Nation-Forming Processes in Ethnic Borderlands in East Central Europe, Polish Historical Library no. 1., Wroclaw, 1985.

(Chlebowczyk, 1924-1985, was a Polish specialist on the history of the peoples in the Polish-Czech ethnic borderlands in the Empire, especially Teschen (Cieszyn, Tesin) Silesia. Compare this book with the writings of the Czech specialist, Miroslav Hroch, on the forming of national consciousness among small nations.).

Istvan Deak, Beyond Nationalism. A Social and Political History of the Habsburg Officer Corps, New York, Oxford, 1992.

(Istvan Deak, b. Hungary 1926, taught for many years at Columbia University, New York. This is an excellent, detailed study of this supra-national body which, together with the supranational higher Roman Catholic clergy, were the twin pillars of the Empire; compare with Gunther E. Rothenberg.)

Dennis Deletant and Harry Hanak, eds., Historians as Nation-Builders: Central and South-Eastern Europe, Macmillan Press  and London School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University of London,1988.

(D. Deletant was then Lecturer in Romanian at the LSSEES and H.Hanak was Reader in International Relations there. The book, which pays tribute in the Preface to Hugh Seton-Watson, 1916-1984, contains a chapter by him on “Trying to be a historian of Eastern Europe,” two chapters on Czech historians, also chapters on Greek, Romanian and Yugoslav historians before they dissolved into Serbs, Croats and others.)  

Miroslav Hroch, “Language and National Identity,” in: Richard L. Rudolph and David F. Good, Nationalism and Empire. The Habsburg Monarchy and the Soviet Union, Minneapolis, MIN and New York, 1992, pp. 65-76.

(M.Hroch is a Czech specialist on nationalism.)

same: Social Preconditions of National Revival in Europe: a comparative analysis of the social composition of partiotic groups among the smaller European nations, Cambridge, England, 1985.

(a sociological study based on the Czech model; compare with J. Chlebowczyk.)

Barbara Jelavich, “Clouded Image: Critical Perceptions of the Habsburg Empire in 1914,” The Austrian History Yearbook, vol. XXIII (23) 1992, pp. 23-35.

(By the late, prominent American historian of the Balkans.)

Charles Jelavich, ed., The Habsburg Monarchy. Toward a Mulitnational Empire or National States? New York, 1959.

(Excellent selection of documentary sources illustrating the nationalities’ programs and demands in the period 1815-1918 by a leading American historian of the Balkans.)

Tomasz Kamusella, The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe, London, New York, 2009.

[an outstanding, interdiscipilnary study of the subject by a Polish scholar.; see review by Timothy Snyder, Times Literary Supplement, Feb. 26, 2010.]

R.A. Kann, The Multinational Empire, vol. I., New York, 1950, reprint 1964.

(R.A. Kann, 1906-81, was a distinguished historian of the Habsburg Empire; vol. II. deals with reform plans.)

R.A. Kann and Zdenek V. David, The Peoples of the Eastern Habsburg Lands, 1526-1918, Seattle, WA., and London, 1984.

(excludes the Poles. David was then the librarian at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Library, Washington, D.C.)

Hans Kohn, The Habsburg Empire, 1804-1918, New York, 1961.

(A short survey with useful readings  by an early and  prominent historian of nationalism. Hans Kohn, 1891-1971, born in Prague under Austrian rule, belonged to the assimilated, German-speaking pro-Habsburg Jews of Bohemia; he condemned the nationalism of the successor states. His best known books are: The Idea of Nationalism, a Study of its Origins and Background, New York, 1944, Nationalism. Its Meaning and History, New York, 1955, and The Age of Nationalism; the First Era of Global History, New York, 1962.)

Raymond Pearson, National Minorities in Eastern Europe, 1848-1945, Macmillan Press, London and Basingstoke, 1983.

(ch. 1-2 and part of ch. 4. discuss the minorities up to World War I. The author, a specialist in Russian history, was then Senior Lecturer in History at the New University in Ulster, N. Ireland. The work is flawed by the author’s  disdain for nationalism,  the various nationalities and their goals, also by factual errors, see review by A.M. Cienciala, Canadian Slavonic Papers - Revue Candienne des Slavistes, vol.26, no. 2-3, 1984, pp. 241-242)

Ritchie Robertson and Edward Timms, eds., The Habsburg Legacy: National Identity in Historical Perspective, Edinburgh, 1994.

(Papers read at a conference held in the German Institute, London, 1992; see review in Austrian History Yearbook, vol. XXVII, 1996, pp. 329-21.)

Richard L. Rudolph and David F. Good, eds., Nationalism and Empire. The Habsburg Monarchy and the Soviet Union, Minneapolis, MIN., 1992.

(In 1992, R.L. Rudolph was professor of history at the University of Minnesota. This is a very valuable comparative study with chapters by experts.)

Gerald Stourzh, “The Multinational Empire Revisited: Reflections on Late Imperial Austria,” The Austrian History Yearbook, vol. XXIII (23), 1992, pp.1-22.

Peter F. Sugar, “ The External and Domestic Roots of Eastern European Nationalism,”in: Sugar and Ivo John Lederer, eds., Nationalism in Eastern Europe, Seattle, WA., 1969 and, reprints, pp. 3-54.

(Sugar, 1919-1999, b. in Hungary, was an eminent American historian of the Balkans and Hungary. Lederer, a specialist on Yugoslavia, was  professor of history at  the University of Washington, Seattle, WA. For a critical review of the book see: Anna M. Cienciala, “East European Nationalism,” Problems of Communism, vol. XXII (22) no. 3, 1973, pp. 57 ff.)

Solomon Wank, The Nationalities Question in the Habsburg Monarchy: Reflections on the Historical Record, Working Papers in Austrian Studies  no. 93-3, Center for Austrian Studies, Minneapolis, MIN., April 1993.

(Wank, b. Brooklyn, N.Y., 1930 is an expert on the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy.)

 

The Jews of the Habsburg Empire.

William D. Godsey, Jr., “The Nobility, Jewish Assimilation and the Austro-Hungarian Foreign Service in the late Imperial era,” Austrian History Yearbook, vol. XXVII, 1996, pp. 155-180.

(Lists legislation giving equality to Jews but notes that no un-baptized Jews were at the Ballhausplatz; gives a list of pre-1918 marriages between noblemen and women of paternal jewish heritage.)

William O. McCagg Jr., A History of Habsburg Jews, 1670-1918, Bloomington, IN., 1989.

(A major study by the late American histoiran; see also his book on  Hungarian Jews under: Hungary.)

Marsha L. Rozenblit, The Jews of Vienna, 1867-1914: Assimilation and Identity, Albany, N.Y., 1983.

(A study in social history and nationalism.)

Robert S. Wistrich, The Jews of Vienna in the Age of Franz Joseph, Oxford, 1989.

(a study in anti-semitism and national identity.)

Same: Socialism and Jews: the dilemmas of assimilation in Germany and Austria-Hungary Rutherford and East Brunswick, N.J., 1982.

(Good political history. Assimilated Jews were patriots for each of these states. Nazi racist policies and the consequent persecution of Jews were a catastrophe for them and led to the Holocaust.)

5 (i). Hungary, 1700-1914.Surveys

  Paul Ignotus, Hungary, London, 1972

(Very good, especially on the 19th century. P. Ignotus, 1901-78, was a Hungarian-born British journalist and writer; he was imprisoned in Hungary as a British spy, 1946-56, see his memoirs: Political Prisoner, New York, 1960.)

Peter F. Sugar et al. eds., A History of Hungary, Bloomington, Ind., 1990

(ch. X-XV - chapters by specialists. The late Peter Sugar was an outstanding historian of Hungary and E.C.Europe.) 

(ii)18th century Hungary,

Eva H. Balazs, Hungary and the Habsburgs, 1765-1800, Budapest, 1997.

(E.H. Balazs is one of the leading authorities on 18th century Central Europe).

Bela Kopeczi, “Ferenc Rakoczi II,” New Hungarian Quarterly, Spring 1976, pp. 39-57.

(On his leadership of the rebellion against Austria and war of independence, 1701-11.)

Bela K. Kiraly, Hungary in the Eighteenth Century: the Decline of Enlightened Despotism, New York, Columbia Univ. Press, 1969.

(Bela.K. Kiraly, 1912-2009, b. Hungary, served in the Hungarian army; spent 5 years in prison for opposition to the communist regime; led 80,000 troops in the fight for independence in the 1956 Hungarian Revolution; emigrated to the U.S. in 1956; obtaained an MA. from Columbia University and a Ph.d. in 1966. He became a historian, published many books; established Atlantic Research Publications, which published over a hundred monographs; and and taught at Brooklyn College, New York, 1964-1982. After the reburial of Imre Nagy, June 1989, he returned to Budapest and was elected to parliament. See Obituary, New York Times, July 8, 2009, with corrections June 28, 2009.)

Istvan Kelley, Management of Big Estates in Hungary between 1711 and 1848, Budapest,  1980.

 Henrik Marczali (1856-1940), Hungary in the Eighteenth Century, Cambridge, Eng., 1910.

(Old study, but still useful.) 

Early 19th century Hungary, the  revolution and War of Independence, 1848-49

George Barany, "The Hungarian Diet of 1839-40 and the Fate of Szechenyi's Middle Course," Slavic Review, 1963, no. 2, pp. 285 ff.

(The late G. Barany, born Budapest, 1922, was an expert on the subject; he taught at the University of Denver,Colorado.)

same: Stephen Szechenyi and the Awakening of Hungarian Nationalism, 1791-1841,  Princeton, 1968.

(Excellent, full length biography of a great Hungarian statesman up to 1841.)

 Istvan Deak, The Lawful Revolution. Louis Kossuth and the Hungarians, 1848-1849, New York, 1979.

(.Deak, born in Hungary 1926, is the leading western expert on the subject and Seth Low Professor of History, Columbia University, New York.)

same: "Progressive Feudalists: The Hungarian Nobility in 1848," in: Banac and Bushkovitch, The Nobility in Russia and Eastern Europe, New Haven, 1983, pp. 123-136.

(Compare with C.A. Macartney below.)

Same: “Where Loyalty and where Rebellion? The Dilemma of the Hasburg Army Officers in 1848-1849,” in: Bela K. Kiraly, ed., War and Society, vol. IV, East Eur. Monographs 150, 1984, pp. 393- 418.

Leszlo Deme, The Radical Left in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, East European Monographs  XIX (19) Boulder CO., New York, 1976,

John Komlos, "A Legal Revolution or a Misguided Rebellion? Another Look at the Hungarian Events of 1848, " -  and  Reply by Istvan Deak, East Central Europe, v. 9, no. 1-2, 1982, pp. 137-147.

Istvan Kovacs, “The Polish Legion in the Hungarian War of Independence, 1848-1849,” in: Bela K. Kiraly, ed., War and Society, vol. IV, East Eur. Monogr. 150, 1984, pp.557-577.

(The most famous Polish officer in this war was General Jozef Bem, 1794-1850.)

C.A.Macartney, “Hungary,” in: A. Goodwin, ed., The European Nobility in the Eighteenth Century, London, 1953, pp.118-135.

(Compare with I. Deak above.)

"National Interest and Cosmopolitan Goals in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848-1849," (articles and discussion in Austrian History Yearbook,  v. XII-XIII, 1976-77, pp. 3-94.   

Charles Sproxton, Palmerston and the Hungarian Revolution, Cambridge, England, 1919.

(Based on Foreign Office papers; the author was killed in WW1.)

Gyorgy Spira, The Nationalities Issue in the Hungary of 1848-1849, Budapest, 1992.

(Discusses all the nationalities of Hungary, Hungarian policy toward them, and historiography.)

Hungary, 1848/49- 1867.

Sugar et al., A History of Hungary, ch. XII, XIV (pp. 235-266),

Gyorgy Szabad, "Hungarian Political Trends Between the Revolution and the Compromise, 1848-1867," Studia Historica Academiae Scientiarium Hungaricae,  v. CXXXVII, Budapest, 1977. 

The Austro-Hungarian Compromise,1867 and after:

 George Barany, "Hungary: The Uncompromising Compromise," Austrian History Yearbook, v. III, pt. 1, 1967.

(A negative evaluation; for author inf. see previous.)

Andras Gero, The Hungarian Parliament (1867-1918), trans. James Patterson and Eniko Koncz, New Jersey, 1997.

(A.Gero is a leading historian of Hungary in this period).

Same: Modern Hungarian Society in the Making: The Unfinished Experience, trans. James Patterson and Eniko Koncz, Budapest, 1995.

(The focus is on late 19th century political history.)

Lajos Kossuth, tr. by Ferenc Jausz, Memories of my Exile, London, 1880

(Lajos Kossuth, 1802-1894, was the most famous leader of the Hungarian Revolution against Habsburg rule, 1848-1849. The memoirs are Important for the account of his role at that time and documents on his negotiations to link the Italian War of Independence, 1859, with the Hungarian cause.)

Harold J. Gordon Jr., and Nancy M. Gordon, The Austrian Empire. Abortive Federation? D.C. Heath, Lexington, Mass., 1974: Phase III, Dualism

(Articles by Austrian historians: Eduard von Wertheimer, Hugo Hantsch and Joseph Redlich.)

P. Hanak, "Hundred Years of Ausgleich,: New Hungarian Quarterly, v. 8, no. 27, 1967, pp. 17-31;

(Peter Hanak is a Hungarian historian).

Peter Hanak, “Hungary in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy,” Austrian History Yearbook, vol. III, pt. I., 1967, pp.234-259.                       

Jorg K. Hoensch, A History of Modern Hungary, 1867-1994, 2nd edition, trans. from German by Kim Traynor,  London and New York, 1996.

(Hoensch,( d. 2003),was professor of East European History at the University of the Saarland in Saarbrucken, Germany. Ch. 1 and 2 cover the period 1867-1914, pp.1-84. This is a useful general survey with a chronology and select bibliography. For period studies in more depth see Peter F.Sugar et al., eds., Hungary. A History).

C.A. Macartney, "The Compromise of 1867," in: Ragnild Hatton and M.S. Anderson, eds., Studies in Diplomatic History in Memory of David Bayne Horn, London and Archon Books, U.S., 1970, pp. 287-300:

(A positive evaluation; contrast with G. Barany.)

R.W. Seton-Watson, "The Austro-Hungarian Ausgleich of 1867," Slavic Yearbook, 1940, London, pp. 123-140.

(A negative evaluation; R.W. Seton-Watson, 1879-1950, was the leading British expert on the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and the Balkans).

Hungarian statesmen of the 19th and early 20th century (other than Kossuth and Szechenyi)

Paul Body, Joseph Eotvos and the Modernization of Hungary, 1840-1870. A Study of Ideas, of Individuality, and Social Pluralism in Modern Politics, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, v. LXII, no. 2,Philadelphia,1972;

(Joseph Eotvos, 1813-71, was a Hungarian statesman and writer; his novels and essays made him a leading proponent of social and political reform; he modernized education in Hungary).

Janos Decsy, Prime Minister Gyula Andrassy's Influence on Habsburg Foreign Policy,  East Eur. Monograph,. no. LII (52) 1979.

(Gyula Andrassy, 1823-90, was a Hungarian politician and statesman. Exiled after participating in the revolution and war of 1848-49, he returned to politics in 1861, worked for the Compromise of 1867, and held ministerial posts. Decsy  focuses on the period of the Franco-Prussian War, 1870-71.)

Dioszegi, Istvan, Hungarians at the Ballhausplatz, Budpest, 1983

(On Hungarians in the Austrian foreign service).

Bela Kiraly, Ferenc Deak, Boston, 1975.

(Fr. Deak,1803-76, was a lawyer and moderate statesmen who led the movement for Hungarian autonomy in the Austrian Empire and negotiated the Compromise of 1867, which created the dual monarchy: Austria-Hungary.)

Gabor Vermes, Istvan Tisza. The Liberal Vision and Conservative Statecraft of a Maygar Nationalist, East European Monographs, no. 184, Boulder, Co., 1985;. :.

(Istvan Tisza, 1861-1918, was a long-time premier of Hungary, murdered by a mob in his Budapest residence November 1918. Gabor Peter Vermes, b. Budapest, 1933, left Hungary in 1956 and continued his studies in the U.S; he taught at Rutgers University).

The Hungarian Constitutional Crisis of 1905-06.

Peter F. Sugar, "An Underrated Event: The Hungarian Constitutional Crisis of 1905-06, " East European Quarterly, v. XV, no. 3, 1981, pp. 281-306.

Hungarian social-cultural life at the turn of the 19th and 20th  centuries. 

John Lukacs, Budapest 1900. A Historical Portrait of a City and Its Culture, New York, 1988.

(John Adalbert Lukacs, born in Budapest, 1924, came to the U.S. after World War II, published over 30 books, and taught for many years at Chestnut Hill College. This is an excellent, lively picture of Budapest at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries.)

Robert Nemes, The Once and Future Budapest, DeKalb, IL, 2005.

(see reviews by: Robin Okey in Slavic Review, vol. 65, no. 3, fall 2006, pp. 579-580; Gary B. Cohen, “Civil Society and National Identity in Nineteenth-Century Budapest,” HABSBURG, H-Net Reviews, January 2006, URL: http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=308861143493052.)

 

Hungarian Economic development.

Andrew C. Janos, The Politics of Backwardness in Hungary, 1825-1945, Princeton, N.J., 1982.

(A solid economic study; Janos then taught at the University of California, Berkeley, CA.)

T. Ivan Berend and Georgy Ranki, Hungary: A Century of Economic Development, New York, 1974.

(Both authors were born in Hungary. G. Ranki, 1930-88, taught at Indiana University.)

 Hungarian nationalism,. 

George Barany, "From Aristocratic to Proletarian Nationalism," in Sugar and Lederer, Nationalism in Eastern Europe, pp. 259-309.

Paul A. Hanebrink, In Defense of Christian Hungary:  Religion, Nationalism, and Antisemitism, 1890-1944, Ithaca, NY, 2006.

(See review by Peter Kenez in Slavic Review, vol. 66, no. 3, fall 2007, pp. 523-524.)

Tofik Islamov, "From Natio Hungarica to Hungarian Nation," in: Rudolph and Good, Nationalism and Empire. The Habsburg Monarchy and the Soviet Union, ch. 9, pp. 159-183.

(Islamov was then a member of the Institute of Slavic and Balkan Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.)

The Non-Magyar Peoples in Hungary.

Emil Niederhauser, “The National Question in Hungary,” in: Mikulas Teich and Roy Porter eds., The National Question in Europe in Historical Context, Cambridge, England, pp. 248-269.

(Niederhouser was then a specialist on nationalism and professor of history at the Universities of Debrecen and Budapest, Hungary.)

Sergei A.Romanenko, "National Autonomy in Russia and Austria-Hungary: A Comparative Analysis of Finland and Croatia-Slavonia," in: Richard L. Rudolph and David F. Good, eds., Nationalism and Empire,  pp. 109-132.

(Romanenko was then working at the Institute of Slavic and Balkan Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.)

Scotus Viator (R.W. Seton-Watson), Racial Problems in Hungary, London, 1908.

(R.W. Seton-Watson, 1879-1951, was the first British [Scots] expert on the nationalities of East Central Europe. He informed  the British  reading public of the repression of non-Magyar peoples by Hungarian authorities. This book deals mostly with Slovakia, then part of Hungary.)

Hugh and Christopher Seton-Watson, The Making of a New Europe. R.W. Seton-Watson and the last  years of Austria-Hungary, Seattle, WA., 1981.

(R.W. Seton-Watson’s two historian-sons edited this volume, which gives an account of their father's studies and activities in the region in 1905-19. See also his correspondence with Yugoslav and Romanian leaders in section on the Balkans.)

Gyorgy Spira, The Nationalities Issue in the Hungary of 1848-1849, Budapest, 1992.

(Spira, a Hungarian historians, deals with all the nationalities of Hungary and discusses historiography.)

Zoltan Szasz, “Inter-Ethnic Relations in the Hungarian Half of the Austro-Hungarian Empire,” Nationalities Papers, vol. 24, no. 3, September 1999, pp. 391- 408.

(Szasz was then a member of the Institute of History, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest. This is an excellent overview of the period 1790-1914, with an account of the legislation and demographic tables; see also Tibor Frank.).

Tibor Frank, “From Austria-Hungary to the United States: National Minorities and Emigration, 1880-1914,” Nationalities Papers, vol. 24, no. 3, September 1999, pp.391-408.

(T. Frank, who then taught at the Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, points out that the vast majority of emigrants from Hungary were Ruthenes and Slovaks, who were oppressed under Hungarian rule. Like the Slovaks, the Ruthenes of Subcarpathian Ruthenia were part of interwar Czechoslovakia but were annexed to Soviet Ukraine in 1945, independent Ukraine since the "Orange Revolution" of 2004. They have been demanding autonomy in Ukraine for some time, thus far without results. Slovakia became an independent republic in 1991.)    

The Ruthenes or Rusyns of Subcarpathian Ruthenia,

 Kann and David, The Peoples of the Eastern Habsburg Lands, pp.415-424.

Paul R. Magocsi, The Shaping of a National Identity. Subcarpathian Rus', 1848-1948,  Cambridge, Mass., 1978, ch. 1-3

(pp. 1-75 cover the period to the end of World War I.. Magocsi is a specialist on the history of Subcarpathian Ruthenia and Ukraine.).    

Mara Meyer, transl. J.Boris, edited by Paul Robert Magocsi, with introduction by Magocsi, The Rusyns of Hungary,political and social development, 1869-1910, East European Monographs, Boulder, CO., and New York, 1997.(see also Magocsi book listed above).

The Slovaks in Hungary,and their National Awakening.

Hugh LeCaine Agnew, "Czechs, Slovaks and Slovak Linguistic Separation in the Mid-Nineteenth Century," in: Richard L. Rudolph and David F. Good, eds., Nationalism and Empire. The Habsburg Monarchy and the Soviet Union, Minnesota and New York, 1992, pp. 21-37.

(Agnew, a specialist in the subject then taught at George Washington University, Washington, D.C. See also his books on Czech history.)

V. L. Benes and L. Holotik - articles in: Austrian History Yearbook,  1967, pt. 2, (pp. 335-393).

Peter Brock, The Slovak National Awakening: An Essay in the Intellectual History of East Central Europe, Toronto 1976.

R.A. Kann and Zdenek C. David, The Peoples of the Eastern Habsburg Lands, pp.375-384

R.W. Seton-Watson, ed., Slovakia Then and Now: A Political Survey, London, Prague, 1931

Anthony X. Sutherland, "The Fathers of the Slovak Nation: from Juraj Tranovsky to Karol Salva, or From the Reformation to the Rise of the Populists (1500s to 1890s)," Slovak Studies, v. 21 (1981), pp. 5-187.  

(See also surveys of  Croats, Romanians, Serbs in: R.A. Kann and Zdenek David, The Peoples of the Eastern Habsburg Lands, 1526-1918.) 

The Jews of Hungary

George Barany, "Magyar Jews or Jewish Magyars," Canadian-American Slavic Studies, v. VIII, no. 1, 1979, pp. 1-44

Paul A. Hanebrink, In Defense of Christian Hungary:  Religion, Nationalism, and Antisemitism, 1890-1944, Ithaca, NY, 2006; see review by Peter Kenez in Slavic Review, vol. 66, no. 3, fall 2007, pp. 523-524.

Geza Komoroczy with Kinga Frojimovics, Viktoria Pusztai and Andrea Strbik, eds., Jewish Budapest, New York, 1999.

(G. Komoroczy then taught at the Center for Jewish Studies, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest.)

William O. McCagg, Jr., Jewish Nobles and Geniuses in Modern Hungary, East European Quarterly, (later E.E. Mon)., 3, Boulder, Co., 1972; reprint with new preface, 1981.

(Excellent work by the late American historian of East Central Europe.)

Hungarian Attempts at Reconciling Ethnic/National Conflicts.

Geopolitics in the Danubian Region. Hungarian Reconciliation Attempts,1848-1998, edited by Ignac Romsics and Bela K. Kiraly,   Budapest, 1998.

(I. Romsics then taught at Indiana University, Bloomington, IN., and Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest; Bela Kiraly, b. 1913, was commander of the Budapest garrison and fought in the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. He is professor emeritus of City University of New York; moved back to Budapest in 1990.)

5 (ii). Bohemia: from c. 1700  to 1914:General

Peter Demetz, Prague in Black and Gold. Scenes in the Life of a European City, New York, 1997.

(Lively, chronological history of Prague from the early Middle Ages through 1937, with a postcript on the post-communist period.).

R.A. Kann, The Multinational Empire,  v. I., ch. V.

R.A.Kann and Zdenek V. David, The Peoples of the Eastern Habsburg Lands,1526-1918,

(sections on the Czechs in chapters 3,4, 5).

Derek Sayer, The Coasts of Bohemia. A Czech History, Princeton, N.J., 1998.

(This is primarily a cultural history, well written with some illustrations. Sayer was then a Professor of Sociology at the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.)

 R.W. Seton-Watson, A History of the Czechs and Slovaks, London, 1943, and later reprints.

(An older, mainly political survey by the leading British historian of these peoples at the time.)

S. Harrison Thomson, Czechoslovakia in European History, Hamden, CT., 1953.

(S. Harrison Thompson, 1895-1975, was a great American expert on the subject; this is an older work but still useful, especially on the relations between Czechs and Germans in Bohemia).

Bohemia in the 18th century.

George Svoboda, "The Odd Alliance: The Underprivileged Population of Bohemia and the Habsburg Court, 1765-1790," in:  John Morison, ed., The Czech and Slovak Experience, New York, 1990, pp. 7-20

(On Austrian govt. efforts to curb the power of landlords over peasants, and so get more money out of the latter for Vienna.)

William E. Wright, Serf, Seigneur and Sovereign: Agrarian Reform in Eighteenth Century Bohemia, Minnesota, 1966.

(William Edward Wright, b.Fairfield, Ala., 1926, is a historian of the Habsburg Empire and agrarian reform in East Central Europe.).

Special Topics

Czech National Consciousness, 19th century. 

Hugh LeCaine Agnew, “Enlightenment and National Consciousness: Three Czech ‘Popular Awakeners,’ in: Ivo Banac, et al., eds., Nations and Ideology: Essays in Honor of Wayne S. Vucinich, E.E. Mon. no. 95, New York, 1988, pp. 201-226.

(The author is the leading American specialist on Czech history. The three Czech national awakeners were V.M. Kramerius, 1753-1808, F.J. Tomsa 1751-1814, and J. Rulik 1753-1808. Agnew then taught at George Washington University, D.C; Ivo Banac, a specialist Serbian and Yugoslav history then taught at Yale University.)

Hugh LeCaine Agnew, Origins of the Czech National Renascence, Pittsburgh, PA., 1993.

(A very detailed history and analysis, with a valuable introduction discussing the historiography of the subject.)

same, The Czechs and the Lands of the Bohemian Crown, Stanford, CA, 2004.

(About half the book covers Czech history to 1918.)

John F. Bradley, Czech Nationalism in the Nineteenth Century, E. E. Mon. 157, New York, 1985.

(A rather critical study by a British scholar).

Peter Brock and H. Gordon Skilling, The Czech Renascence of the nineteenth century: Essays in Honour of Otakar Odlozilik, Toronto, 1970.

(Skilling, b. 1912, professor atthe University of Toronto, studied at Charles IV University, Prague in the late 1930s. He published many works dealing primarilywith 20th c. Czech history; see his work on T.G. Masaryk cited below. Peter Brock was a British, then Canadian historian of the peoples of East Central Europe and of Pacifism. He taught at Columbia University, then the U. of Toronto.)

Jan Havranek, "The Development of Czech Nationalism," Austrian History Yearbook v. III pt.2, 1967, pp. 223-260.

(H. Havranek was a Czech historian.)

S. Harrison Thomson, "The Czechs and Integrating and Disintegrating Factors in the Habsburg Empire," Austrian History Yearbook, v. III, pt. 2, 1967, pp. 203-222,

Miroslav Hroch, Social preconditions of national revival in Europe: A comparison of the social composition of patriotic groups among the smaller European nations, trans. Ben Fawkes, Cambridge, England and New York, 1985.

(M.Hroch is a Czech historian; this is a sociological study based mainly on the Czech experience.)

Stanley Bucholz Kimball, Czech Nationalism: a study of the national theatre movement, 1845-1883, Urbana, Ill., 1964.

(S.B.Kimball, b.Utah, 1925, is a specialist in Czech history; this is an excellent study of the subject.)

same "The Czech Matica, 1831: Palacky's Defender of the Czech Language," in ch. III of author's book: The Austro-Slav Revival: A Study of the Nineteenth Century. Literary Foundations, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new ser. v. 63, pt. 4, Philadelphia, 1973, pp. 21-30; see also  the Moravian Matica, 1836, ch. IV, pp. 31-38. 

Arnost Klima, “The Czechs,” trans. Milan Hauner, in: Mikulas Teich and Roy Porter, eds., The National Question in Europe in Historical Context, Cambridge, England, 1993, reprint 1994, pp. 228-247.

(A.Klima was professor of history at Charles IV University, Prague, until his retirement in 1981. This is an excellent survey, analyzing  early modern and modern Czech nationalism.).

Michael L. Miller, "The Rise and Fall of Archbishop Kohn: Czechs, Germans, and Jews in Turn-of-the-Century Moravia," Slavic Review, vol. 65, no. 3, fall 2006, pp. 446-474.

Claire Nolte, "Every Czech a Sokol! Feminism and Nationalism in the Czech Sokol Movement," Austrian History Yearbook, v. XXIV, 1993, pp. 101-118.

same, The Sokol in the Czech Lands to 1914: Training for a Nation, New York, 2002.

(C. E. Nolte was then teaching at Manhattan College, Riverdale, New York..

  Joseph F. Zacek, "Nationalism in Czechoslovakia," in Sugar and Lederer, Nationalism in Eastern Europe, pp.166-186.

(Zacek, b. Berwin, IL., 1930,  teaches at SUNY, Albany, N.Y. See also his biographical study of  Frantisek Palacky).

Czech Biographies 19th century.

Thomas Pesek, “Karel Havlicek in Czech Historiography and the Czech Intellectual Tradition,” in: Richard Frucht, ed., Labyrinth of Nationalism Complexities of Diplomacy. Essays in Honor of Charles and Barabara Jelavich, Columbus, OH., 1992, pp. 84-103.

(Pesek then taught at Washington State University;  Frucht, b.1951, taught at Northwest Missouri State University; Charles and Barbara Jelavich, who taught for many years at Indiana University, Bloomington, IN., were the foremost American historians of the modern Balkans- see under Sec. 7. Balkans.) 

Barbara K. Reinfeld, Karel Havlicek (1821-1856): a National Liberation Leader of the Czech Renascence, East Eur. Mon. 98, 1982

(Reinfeld then taught at the New York Institute of Technology; the book received critical reviews.)

Joseph Frederick Zacek, Palacky; The Historian and Nationalist, Hague, 1970..

(A most valuable study by a prominent American historian of the Czechs; he was of Czech descent.).

H. Gordon Skilling, T.G. Masaryk: Against the Current, 1882-1914, University Park, PA., 1994.

(Skilling was then professor emeritus University of Toronto. He published many works on Czechoslovakia. This is an excellent study of Masaryk’s career and writings up to the outbreak of World War I.)

[NOTE on T.G.Marsaryk.

There are several Eng. lang. works on Thomas G. Masaryk, (1850-1937), who was a prominent figure in Czech political life from the early 1880's to 1914, worked for the Czechoslovak cause in World War I, and was President of Czechoslovakia 1918-1935.  

Milic Capek, Karel Hruby eds., T.G.Masaryk in Perspective: Comments and Criticisms, Flushing, N.Y., 1981.

Hanus J. Hajek, T.G. Masaryk Revisited. A Critical Assessment, E.E. Mon. no. 139, Boulder, Co., 1983.

Peter Hanak et al., eds., Thomas G. Masaryk, 3 vols, New York, 1985.

Roman Szporluk, The Political Thought of Thomas G. Masaryk, E.E. Mon. 85, Boulder, Co., 1981.

(See also review of Capek and Szporluk books by Frederck M. Barnard,  "T.G. Masaryk in Retrospect: From Thought to Actuality," East Central Europe, v. 19, no. 1-2, 1982, pp. 162-167.)

Key works by Masaryk available in English::

The Meaning of Czech History,  ed. Rene Wellek, Chapel Hill, 1974;

The Lectures of Professor T.G. Masaryk at the University of Chicago, Summer 1902, Draga B.Shillinglaw, ed., Lewisburg, Pa., and London, 1978;

The Making of A State, London, 1927, reprint 1969 (on his role in WW I).

The Spirit of Russia,  vols. I, II, London, 1919; v. III, London, 1967.

The revolution of 1848-49 in Bohemia.

Lawrence D. Orton, The Prague Slav Congress of 1848, East Eur. Monographs no. 46, 1978,

Stanley Z. Pech, The Czech Revolution of 1848, Chapel Hill, N.C., 1969.

(Pech, b. Czechoslovakia, 1924, taught for many years at the University of British Columbia, Canada.)

same: "The Czech Peasantry in 1848," in: Czechoslovakia Past and Present,  Miroslav Rechcigl, ed., v. II, Hague, 1968, pp. 1274-1304.

Bohemia:Economic History, 19th century.

Catherine Albrecht, “National Economy or Economic Nationalism in the Bohemian Crownlands 1848-1914,” in Frucht, ed., Labyrinth of Nationalism, pp. 69-83.

(Albrecht, a specialist in Czech economic history, then taught at the University of Baltimore; here, she writes about Czech and German economic rivalry.)

Francis W. Carter, "The Industrial Development of Prague, 1880-1950," Slavonic and East European Review, v. 51, 1973, no. 3, pp. 243-275. 

"From  Prior Centuries: Essays in Czech and Austrian History Dedicated to Arnost Klima," East Central Europe, v.9, nos. 1-2, 1982 .

Richard Rudolph, Banking and Industrialization in Austria-Hungary: The Role of the Banks in the Industrialization of the Czech Crown-lands, 1873-1914, Cambridge, Eng., New York, 1976. .

Czech political parties,19th century

Brock and Skilling, The Czech Renascence. in the Nineteenth Century.

Bruce M. Garver, The Young Czech Party 1874-1901, and the Emergence of a Multi-Party System, New Haven, London, 1978.

(An excellent study.)

Marie L. Neudorfl, "The Young Czech Party and Modernization of Czech Schools in the 1890's," East Central Europe,  v. 13, 1986, no. 1., pp. 1-27.

Stanley Z. Pech, "F.L. Rieger: The Road from Liberalism to Conservatism," Journal of Central European Affairs, v. 17, no. 1, 1957, pp. 3-23.

same "Passive Resistance of the Czechs, 1863-1879," Slavonic and East European Review,  1958, v. 87, pp. 434-452;

The Czechs and Imperial Russia:Neo-Slavism.

 Paul Vysny, Neo-Slavism and the Czechs, 1898-1914, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1977.

   Czechs and Germans in Bohemia, Moravia,

Gary B.Cohen, The Politics of Ethnic Survival: the Germans in Prague, 1861-1914, Princeton, 1981. 

(G.B. Cohen, b. Los Angeles, CA.,1926, is a specialist on Modern East Central Europe; this study traces the decrease of the German-speaking population with the growth of Czech national consicousness.)

Milan Hauner, "Czechs and Germans Over the Centuries: An Historical Review,"  East Central Europe, v. 18, no. 2, 1991, pp. 127-154.

(M. Hauner is a historian of  Czechoslovakia. He then taught at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and the University of Freiburg.)

Elizabeth Wiskemann, Czechs and Germans: A Study of their Struggle in the Historic Provinces of Bohemia and Moravia, London, 1938, 2nd ed., London, New York, 1967, ch. I through VII, pp. 1-79 in 1st edition.

(E. Wiskemann was a British specialist on East Central Europe, d. 1971; this is an older, detailed study by a scholar who knew the land the people. It is still very useful as a contemporary work by a specialist.)

The Jews of Bohemia,

Hillel J. Kieval, The Making of Czech Jewry. National Conflict and Jewish Society in Bohemia, 1870-1918, Oxford, 1988.

(H.J. Kieval who then taught at the University of Washington, Seattle, was a specialist in 20th Century Czech history).

Michael L. Miller, "The Rise and Fall of Archbishop Kohn: Czechs, Germans, and Jews in Turn-of-the-Century Moravia," Slavic Review, vol. 65, no. 3, fall 2006, pp. 446-474.

 

    5 (iii)  Austrian Poland - see: Galicia under: Poland.)

6. The Balkans. Early Modern and Modern History to 1914. General.

Leffen S. Stavrianos, The Balkans since 1453, New York, 1958 and reprints.

(Stavrianos, b. Vancouver 1913,  taught at Northwestern and University of California at San Diego. This work is still unsurpassed in scope).

Gale Stokes: “Eastern Europe’s Defining Fault Lines,” Three Eras of Political Change, Oxford, 1997, pp. 7-23.

(G. Stokes is a specialist in modern Balkan history with major expertise on Serbia, then teaching at Rice University, Houston, TX. For a critical review of this book see: Anna M. Cienciala, in: The Sarmatian Review, vol. XIX (19), no. 1, January 1999, Rice University, Houston, TX., pp. 595-606.)

Maria Todorova, Imagining the Balkans, New York, Oxford, 1997.

(M.Todorova, b. in Sofia, Bulgaria, is Professor of Balkan and East European Studies at the University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. In this book she discusses western images of the Balkans.)

Robert Lee Wolff, The Balkans in our Time, revised edition, 1978. Part I, ch. 4, The Legacy of Dead Empires: From the Fourth Century to the Eighteenth, pp. 50-68,and ch. 5, National Awakening and the Achievement of Independence, pp. 69-100.

( L.Wolff, b. New York, 1922, first published this book in 1956; in 1978, he was Coolidge Professor of History at Harvard University, where he taught East European history. This is the best short introduction to Balkan history up to 1918.)

(i) . Medieval and Early Modern Balkans

John V.A.Fine, The Early Medieval Balkans: a Critical Survey from the Sixth to the late Twelfth Centuries, Ann Arbor, Mich., 1983.

(By a noted historian of the Balkans, b.1939, then teaching at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich).

Same, The Late Medieval Balkans: a critical survey from the late twelfth century to the Ottoman conquest, Ann Arbor, Mich., 1987.

Jean W. Sedlar, East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500, Seattle, WA., 1994.

(This excellent, thematic study includes both the Balkans and Central Europe. Sedlar teaches at the University of Pittsburgh, Johnstown, PA.)

Peter F. Sugar, Southeastern Europe under Ottoman Rule, 1354-1804, Seattle, WA.,1977.

(Excellent study of all aspects of rule and the peoples ruled by a well known specialist; has valuable bibliographical essay).

(ii)Early Modern and Modern Balkans to 1918.

Dmitrije Djordjevich and Stephen A. Fischer Galati, eds., The Balkan Revolutionary Tradition, New York, 1981.

(D. Djordjevich, b. 1922 in Yugoslavia, was then professor em. of history at the University of California, Santa Barbara. He is a highly respected authority on Balkan history. Stephen A. Fischer Galati, b. 1924 in Romania, is an authority on modern Romania. The book’s theme  that revolution is a tradition in the Balkans is controversial, but the information is valuable.)

Charles and Barbara Jelavich, eds, The Balkans in Transition. Essays on the Development of Balkan Life and Politics since the Eighteenth Century, Berkeley, CA., 1963, reprint Archon Books, 1974.

(Edited by the two foremost American experts on the subject at the time, the analytical essays in this book cover many aspects of Balkan history.)

Charles and Barbara Jelavich, The Establishment of the Balkan National States, 1804-1920, Seattle, WA., 1977.

(Excellent account of the rise of Balkan national states.)

Barbara Jelavich, History of the Balkans, 2 vols., Cambridge, England, 1983.

(vol. I covers the 18th and 19th centuries; vol. II, the 19th and and 20th centuries.)

Gale Stokes,”Dependency and the Rise of Nationalism in Southeastern Europe,”in: Three Eras of Political Change in Eastern Europe, New York, Oxford, 1997, pp.23-35.

(See note on author, under: General, above.)

Same: “The Social Origins of East European Politics,” Three Eras of Political Change, pp. 36-37.

Doreen Warriner, ed.,Contrasts in Emerging Societies; Readings in the Social and Economic History of South-Eastern Europe in the Nineteenth Century, selected and translated by G. F. Cushing and others, Bloomington, IN., 1965.

(D.Warriner, b. 1904, was a British specialist in East European politics and economics. These are selected and annotated readings on Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania and the lands of Yugoslavia.)

Special Topics,

The Balkan Wars, 1912-13.

F.R Bridge, From Sadowa to Sarajevo: the foreign policy of Austria-Hungary, 1866-1914, London, 1972.

(Bridge is a British specialist on Austro-Hungarian foreign policy, then teaching at the University of London.Tthis is a scholarly study sympathetic to Austria).

Richard J. Crampton, The Hollow Detente: Anglo-German relations in the Balkans, 1911-1914, Atlantic Highlands, N.J., 1979.

(Crampton, a specialist in Bulgarian history was then teaching at Oxford University; this is an excellent study of the topic.)

Andrew Rossos, Russia and the Balkans: Inter-Balkan rivalries and Russian foreign policy, 1908-1914. Toronto, Canada, 1981.

(Rossos then taught at the University of Toronto. This is an excellent study in diplomatic history.)

Wayne S. Vucinich, Serbia between East and West; the events of 1903-1908, Stanford, CA., 1954.

(This is a detailed account of events leading up to the Balkan crisis of 1908 - background to Balkan Wars. The late Wayne Vucinich, b. Butte, Montana, 1913, taught for many years at Stanford University and mentored several American historians of the Balkans).

Balkan Economic History.

John R. Lampe, Marvin R. and Marvin R. Jackson, Balkan Economic History, 1550-1950: from Imperial Borderlands to Developing Nations, Bloomington, IN., 1982.

(Lampe is a prominent American economic historian of the Balkans, especially Bulgaria, thenat the Wilson Center and the University of Maryland. Jackson, a specialist in Balkan and Russian history, was then at the Leuven Institute for East European Studies, Leuven, Belgium. This is a most valuable study.)

The South Slav Question in the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

 R.W. Seton-Watson, The Southern Slav Question and the Habsburg Monarchy, London,  1911.

(R.W. Seton-Watson, 1879-1951, was a strong supporter of the Southern Slavs of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in their  aim to create an independent South Slav state. This is still the most detailed Eng.lang. study to date of the South Slav Problem in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, but it should be read in conjunction with more recent histories of the Croats and Slovenes. For brief surveys of the latter, see sections in chapters in: Robert A. Kann, Zdenek V. David, The Peoples of the Eastern Habsburg Lands, 1526-1918, Washington, Seattle, 1984.)     

Hugh and Christopher Seton-Watson, The Making of a New Europe. R.W. Seton-Watson and the Last Years of Austria-Hungary, University of Washington Press, Seattle, Wash., 1981.

(On R.W. Seton-Watson and his views on the peoples of Austria-Hungary, on the imperial system, also on his activities and views in 1914-22. Hugh Seton-Watson, b.1916, was one of  R.W. Seton-Watson’s two historian- sons who specialized in Russian History and also wrote a controversial history of interwar Eastern Europe. The other, Christopher, a specialist in Italian history, was then teaching at Oxford University.)

Cornelia Bodea, Hugh Seton-Watson eds., R.W. Seton-Watson and the Romanians, 1906-1920, Bucharest, 1988.

(C.Bodea, is a prominent Romanian historian; the book contains R.W. Seton-Watson’s articles and correspondence with and on the Romanians.)

Hugh Seton-Watson, Christopher Seton-Watson, et al., eds., R.W. Seton-Watson and the Yugoslavs. Correspondence 1906-1941. vol. I., 1906-1918, London - Zagreb, 1976.

(Vol. I. contains important material on the South Slavs and R.W. Seton-Watson’s efforts on their behalf in World War I.).

The Balkans to 1914.Histories and Studies by Country.

Albania.

George W. Gawrych, The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman Rule, Islam, and the Albanians, 1874-1913, London, 2006.

(See review by Nathalie Clayer in Slavic Review, vol. 67, no. 3, fall 2008, pp. 744-74.)

Stavro Skendi, The Albanian National Awakening, 1878-1912, Princeton, N.J., 1967.

(S. Skendi, b. 1906, Albania, was a specialist in Balkan history and culture. This is a v. good, detailed work on the period.)

Miranda Vickers, The Albanians. A Modern History, London, New York, 1995, 1997.

(Excellent, short history by a British expert on the Balkans; see her history of Kosovo. At the time of publication, she was an Honorary Visiting Fellow of the School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University of London. The books has 3 maps, notes, bibliography and index.)

Bulgaria: General.

R.J. Crampton, A Short History of Modern Bulgaria, Cambridge, England, 1987.

(By a British historian of Bulgaria then teaching East European History at Oxford University.)

same: A Concise History of Bulgaria, Cambridge, England, 1997.

Raina Gavrilova, Bulgarian Urban Culture in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries, Cranberry, N.J., c. 1999.

Bulgaria: The National Revival and the Struggle for Liberation.

James F. Clark, Bible Societies. American Missionaries and the National Revival of Bulgaria, Harvard Ph.D., 1937, published New York, 1971.

Mercia McDermott, A History of Bulgaria, 1393-1885, London, 1962.

(Focuses on Ottoman rule and the national liberation movement; criticized for reliance on Bulgarian Marxist sources.)

Same, The Apostle of Freedom: A portrait of Vasil Levski against the Background of Nineteenth Century Bulgaria, Sofia, Bulgaria, 1979.

(On a famous martyr of the national movement. V.Levski established the first revolutionary committees in Bulgaria, 1868-69; was captured by the Ottoman police, 1872, and hanged in Sofia 1873.)

Bulgaria:1878/85 - 1914/18.

Cyril E. Black, The Establishment of Constitutional Government in Bulgaria, Princeton, N.J., 1943.

(Key work on the period 1878-1885 by the late American specialist on Bulgaria)..

Duncan M. Perry, The Politics of Terror: the Macedonian Liberation Movement, 1893-1903, Durham, N.C., 1988.

(Perry, b. 1946, is a specialist on Bulgaria and Macedonia. In 1994 he was working in the RFE/RL Research Dept. Munich, Germany.)

Romania:General

Kurt W. Treptow, ed., History of Romania, 3rd edition, Iasi, Romania.

(Written by Romanian and American scholars sympathetic to Romania, this is an excellent survey; it has maps, a glossary of terms, a historical chronology, lists of rulers, and a select bibliography organized by periods. For works on  the 19th and early 20th centuries, see under: “The Modern Age, pp. 672-686; for the inter-war, World War II and communist period, see under: “The Twentieth Century,” pp. 686-707.The book has an index).

Special Periods and Topics.

Romania 1834-49.

Cornelia Bodea, The Romanians’ Struggle for Unification, 1834-1849, trans. Lilliana Teodoreanu, Bucharest, 1970.

(Impressive study by a prominent Romanian historian).

Romania, 1774-1866

Keith Hitchins, The Romanians, 1774-1866, Oxford, 1996.

(K.Hitchins, b. Schenectady, N.Y., 1931, is the leading American historian of modern Romania; he teaches at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL. This may well be the definitive western study on the formation of the Romanian nation).

Romania, 1866-1947.

Same, Rumania 1866-1947, Oxford, 1994.

(Ch. 1-5 cover the period up to 1915).

Barbara Jelavich, Russia and the formation of the Romanian national state, 1821-1878, Cambridge, England, 1984.

(excellent diplomatic study by a leading American historian of the Balkans)

Same, Russia and the Romanian National Cause,1858-1859, 1959, reprint Hamden, CT.1974.

(see comment above).

Katherine Verdery, Transylvanian Villages: three centuries of political, economic and ethnic change, Berkeley, CA., 1983.

(Verdery teaches at Johns Hopkins University; this is a remarkable synthesis of  anthropology, economics, history and sociology).

The Peoples of Former Yugoslavia. General

Ivo Banac, The National Question in Yugoslavia. Origins, History, Politics, Ithaca and London, 1984, 1988.

(Excellent, detailed study of the peoples who would make up Yugoslavia. Part I covers the period before unification in Dec. 1918. Ivo Banac is the leading American expert on the history of the nationalities of Yugoslavia. He holds the chair of East European History at Yale University).

(See also Barbara and Charles Jelavich works cited above).

Yugoslavia:Education and Nationalism.

Charles Jelavich, South-Slav Nationalisms - Textbooks and the Yugoslav Union before 1914,

Columbus, OH.,1990.

(Fascinating study of Serb and Croat school textbooks by a leading American historian of the Balkans. Note the very useful Historical Background on the South Slavs to 1914, pp. 1-60).

Yugoslavia: The Peoples:

(i) Yugoslavia: Croatia

Mark Biondich, “Stjepan Radic, Yugoslavism and the Habsburg Monarchy,” Austrian History Yearbook, vol. XXVII, 1996, pp. 109-132.

( Stjepan Radic, 1877-1928, was the founder and co-leader with his brother Antun, also the ideolog of the Croatian People’s Peasant Party, HPSS; the article covers his ideas and activities up to the union in one state with the Serbs, December 1918. M.Biondich was then a Ph.D. candidate in History at the University of Toronto).

Elinor Murray Despalatovic, Ljudevit Gaj and the llyrian Movement, East European Monographs no. 12, Boulder, CO., and New York, 1975.

(Ljudevit Gaj, 1809-1872, played an important role in a movement for Croatian cultural unity and in creating the modern Croatian language. Despalatovic, b. 1933, Cleveland, OH.,is a specialist in Balkan history teaching at Connecticut College, New London, CT).

Goldstein, Ivo, Croatia. A History, Montreal, Canada, 1999.

(Goldstein has published several studies in Croatian, published in Croatia).

Mirjana Gross, “The Union of Dalmatia with northern Croatia: a crucial question of the Croatian national integration in the nineteenth century,” in: Mikulas Teich and Roy Porter, eds., The National Question in Europe in Historical Context, Cambridge, England, 1993, reprint 1994, pp. 270-292.

(M.Gross is professor emeritus of history, University of Zagreb, Croatia, and a specialist in the social development of Croatia in the second half of the 19th century. This article  explains the problems facing Croatian nationalists in their aim to integrate Dalmatia and Croatia).

Stanko Guldescu, History of medieval Croatia, The Hague, 1964.

(By a Croatian historian, sympathetic to Croats; the book covers the period up to the Battle of Mohacs, 1526).

Same, The Croatian-Slavonian Kingdom, 1526-1792, The Hague, Netherlands, 1970.

Gunther E. Rothenberg, The Austrian Military Border in Croatia, 1522-1747, Urbana, IL.,1960.

(Rothenberg, b. 1923, is an expert on the subject. The military border, named Krajina, was  a mixed Croat-Serb region, which became part of independent Croatia in 1991.  The Serbs established the “Krajina Republic” and had Yugoslav (Serbian) support in their war with Croatia in the early 1990s. In late 1995, the Serbs were expelled by the Croats)..

Same,              The Military Border in Croatia, 1740-1881. A Study of an Imperial  Institution, 1740-1881, Chicago, 1966.

Charles J. Slovak, “J.J. Strossmayer as a Balkan Bishop,” Balkan Studies, vol. 18, no. 1., 1977, pp. 121-42.

(Josip Juraj Strossmajer, 1815-1905, Bishop of Bosnia and Sirmium, 1850, was a leader in the movement for the unification and autonomy of South Slav lands in the Austro-Hungarian Empire; he also helped compile a documentary publication on the history of the South Slavs).

Gale Stokes, “Yugoslavism in the 1860s,” in: same, Three Eras of Political Change, 1997, pp. 83-92.

(on the movement to unify the South Slavs in this period).

(ii) Yugoslavia: Bosnia.

Robert J. Donia & John V.A. Fine, Jr., Bosnia & Hercegovina, A Tradition Betrayed, New York, 1994.

(This is a very readable history with seven out eleven chapters devoted to the pre-1914 period. R.J. Donia is a Balkan historian; he was working for Merrill Lynch at the time of publication, see also his book listed below. J.V.A. Fine is a Balkan historian teaching at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, who has authored a two volume history of the medieval Balkans and a book on the Bosnian church.

Robert J. Donia, Islam under the Double Eagle: The Muslims of Bosnia and Hercegovina, 1848-1914, East European Quarterly (monographs) Boulder, CO., New York, 1981.

Mark Pinson, ed., with a foreword by Roy P. Mottahedeh. The Muslims of Bosnia-Hercegovina. Their Historic Development from the Middle Ages to the Dissolution of Yugoslavia, Cambridge, MASS, 2nd edition, 1996.

(M. Pinson, an expert on the subject, was then the Information Resources Coordinator at the Center for Middle Eastern Studies, Harvard University; Mottahedeh is Professor of Islamic History there. The book has chapters on different periods by experts:  John V.A. Fine, Colin Heywood, Justin McCarthy, Mark Pinson and Ivo Banac. The book has a bibliography and a list of Electronic Sources, also an index).

Peter F. Sugar, The Industrialization of Bosnia-Hercegovina, 1878-1918, Seattle, WA., 1962.

(authoritative study by an expert).

(iii) Yugoslavia: Kosovo (Kosova)

Neil Malcolm, Kosovo. A Short History, New York, 1999.

(N. Malcolm, b. 1956, Ph.D. History, Cambridge University, Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, 1981-88, became Foreign Editor of the Spectator and political columnist in the Daily Telegraph. He wrote an acclaimed history of Bosnia.

Miranda Vickers, Between Serb and Albanian. A History of Kosovo., New York, 1998.

(By a British specialist).

(vi) Yugoslavia: Serbia

Tim Judah, The Serbs. History, Myth & the Destruction of Yugoslavia, New Haven CT.and London, 1997.

(T.Judah was educated at the London School of Economics and the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University. He was a correspondent in the Balkans for London Times and The Economist; in 1997 he was a free lance writer living in London. Written from the perspective of disintegration and war in the early 1990s, the first 5 chapters cover the period to 1914. The book has maps, illustrations, census figures, end notes and an index).

Gale Stokes, “Nineteenth Century Serbia: So What?”in: same: Three Eras of Political Change in Eastern Europe, 1997, pp. 73-82. .

(a somewhat disparaging essay on the subject).

Same: “Yugoslavism in the 1860s,” ibid., pp. 83-108.

7. The Baltic Peoples to 1914. General

Arvids Ziedonis Jr., et al., eds., Baltic History, Columbus, OH., 1974/

(Ziedonis, is a specialist in Baltic history and literature, b. 1931, Riga, Latvia, in U.S. after World War II.  These are conference papers on  Baltic history from the Middle Ages through World War II published by the Association for the Advancement of Baltic Studies).

Baltic Peoples:Medieval History.

Eric Christiansen, The Northern Crusade: the Baltic and the Catholic Frontier 1100-1525, L ondon, 1980.

(Describes the wars allegedly fought in the name of Christianity and the changes they brought about in Baltic society).

William Urban, The Livonian Crusade, Washington, D.C., 1981.

(Urban, b. Monroe, LA., 1939, is a specialist in medieval Baltic history. This book is about the  Knights of the Sword,  the Livonian branch of the Teutonic Knights, their conquest and rule over Livonia from the 13th century until disbanded in the 16th century).

Baltic Peoples: Early Modern.

David Kirby, Northern Europe in the early period: The Baltic World 1492-1772, London, 1990.

(Deals with the whole Baltic region in the late Middle Ages and  the later power struggles over the region between Sweden and Russia).

Sven-Olof Lindquist, ed., Economy and Culture in the Baltic, 1650-1700, Visby, Sweden, 1989.

(overview of life in the region in papers presented at the 8th Visby Symposium, Aug. 1986; the focus is on Swedish role in the region).

Walther Kirchner, The Rise of the Baltic Question, Westport, CT, 1954.

(W. Kirchner, b. Berlin, Germany 1905; after World War II, studied at the University of California and taught for many years at the University of Delaware. This is an excellent study of the struggle of Germans, Danes, Poles and Russians for the control of the Baltic region in the 16th century).

Baltic People:Modern to 1914.

Edward C. Thaden, ed., Russification in the Baltic Provinces and Finland, 1855-1914. Princeton, N.J., 1981.

(E.C. Thaden, b. Seattle, WA., 1922, is a specialist in 19th century Russia. In this book, he writes about the Russian government; Michael H. Haltzel writes on the Baltic Germans; A.Plakans on the Estonians, T. Raun on the Estonians, and C. Leonard Lundin on Finland).

Same, “Baltic National Movements during the Nineteenth Century,” Journal of Baltic Studies, vol. 16, no. 4, 1985, pp. 411-421.

(an excellent review essay of writings on this topic).

Baltic Peoples:By Country.

Estonia

Juhan Kahk, The role of landlords and peasants in the agricultural progress of the 18th -19th centuries, Tallinn, Estonia, 1989.

Toivo U. Raun, Estonia and the Estonians, 2nd ed.,Stanford, CA., 1991.

(Raun, an expert on Estonia, teaches at Indiana University, Bloomington, IN. The book is a comprehensive history including the communist Soviet period and the surge to independence in 1988-91).

Latvia.

Alfreds S. Bilmanis, A History of Latvia, Princeton, N.J., 1951.

(Bilmanis, 1887-1948, covers the same period of history as Spekke, below; the book has a bibliography).

Arnolds Spekke, History of Latvia. An Outline, Stockholm, 1947, reprints 1951, 1957

(Spekke,  1887-1972, was a professor and Vice-President of the University of Latvia, then Latvian minister to Italy. He wrote the book in Rome in 1940-43. This valuable work covers the history of Latvia and the Baltic region from prehistoric times through World War II:Chapters I through XII go to the end of the 18th century; chapters XII through XVIII cover modern history. The work has illustrations, maps, references, a bibliography and an index).

 Lithuania.

Albertas Gerutis, ed., Lithuania: 700 Years, trans. Algirdas Budreckis, 6th ed., Woodhaven, N.., 1984.

(One of the first Eng. lang. books on this country; chapters by experts cover period up to c. 1951.)

Jerzy Ochmanski, “The national idea in Lithuania from the sixteenth to the first half of the nineteenth century; the problem of cultural-linguistic differentiation” in: Harvard Ukrainian Studies, vol. 10, 1986, pp. 301-325.

(Ochmanski, b. 1933, is a specialist in Lithuanian history teaching at the Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland. He points out the importance of the  polonization of the nobles from the 16th century onwards.) 

Leonas Sabaliunas, Lithuanian Social Democracy in Perspective, 1883-1914, Durham, N.C. and London, England, 1990.

(Sabaliunas, b. 1934, Lithuania, then taught in the Dept. of Political Science, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, Mich. He has also published a book on Lithuania in 1939-40.)

Timothy Snyder, The Reconstruction of Nations (2003), pt. I. The Contested Lithuanian-Belarussian Fatherland. ch. 1, 2 (1569-1914)

Saulius Suziedalis, The Lithuanian Peasantry of  Trans-Niemen Lithuania, 1807-1864: A Study of Social, Economic and Cultural Change, Ph.D. dissertation, History, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS., 1978.

(Excellent, detailed study concluding with the first generation of educated peasant farmers  and the beginnings of Lithuanian national consciousness. On the author, see Reference Works, 3F, note to his Historical Dictionary of Lithuania.).

Salius Suziedalis, The Sword and the Cross: a History of the Church in Lithuania, Huntingdon, IN., 1988.

(Includes overview of Lithuanian conversion to Christianity, the Reformation and Enlightenment, the Lithuanian church under the Tsars; rest of the book covers history up to the 1980s.)

George Urbaniak, “Lithomania versus panpolonism: the roots of the Polish-Lithuanian Conflict before 1914,” Canadian Slavonic Papers, vol. 31, no. 2, 1989, pp. 107-127.

(Studies the hostility between the Polish upper class and emerging Lithuanian elite in the period from the emancipation of the peasants  to the outbreak of World War I; the author was then teaching in Canada.)

8.The Coming of World War I and the Collapse of the Empires. General.

(see also World War I. The Great Powers,in Part II).

Lawrence Lafore, The Long Fuse. An Interpretation of the Origins of World War I, Philadelphia, New York, 1965 and reprints.   

(L. Lafore, 1917-1985. taught at the University of Iowa, Iowa City. This is a very good, short, Eng.lang. treatment of the role of the South Slavs of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and of Serbia in Austrian foreign policy on the eve of WWI designed for American students. For detailed studies see: F.R. Bridge, From Sadowa to Sarajevo. The Foreign Policy of Austria-Hungary, 1866-1914, London, 1972, and same: The Habsburg Monarchy Among the Great Powers, 1815-1918, New York, 1990, ch. 3 to end, including the collapse in 1918. Compare with an older work by Austrian historian A.F. Pribram, Austrian Foreign Policy, 1908-1914, London, 1923.)

John W. Langdon, July 1914. The Long Debate, 1918-1990, New York, Oxford, 1991.

(good discussion of the revisionist and anti- revisionist schools in and outside of Germany on whether Germany was the most to blame for the outbreak of the war. Langdon was then professor of history at LeMoyne College).

R.J. W.Evans and Hartmutt Pogge von Strandmann, The Coming of the First World War, Oxford,1988, 1990

(chapters on Europe, Balkans, Habsburg Monarchy, Russia, Germany, France, Britain; R.J.W.Evans, a British historian of Germany, is a Fellow of Brasenose College, Oxford; von Strandmann is a Fellow of University College, Oxford).

The Coming of World War I. Austria-Hungary.      

Joseph M. Baerneither, Fragments of a Political Diary, edited and introduced by Joseph Redlich, London, 1930.

(Baernreither, 1845-1925, was born in Prague into a German-Austrian middle class family. He  studied philosophy and law and became a Liberal Austrian politician active in both the Bohemian Diet and the Reichsrat in Vienna, where he worked for a national compromise with the Czechs. He also worked on law reform, traveled widely and published a book on The Care of the Young and the Juvenile Offender in the United States, 1906. In the early 20th century, he devoted himself to finding a solution for the South Slav problem in the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, and his diary is very interesting from this point of view. As a liberal politician he saw the collapse of the monarchy as the final condemnation of its leaders and policies. Redlich authored a very critical biography of Emperor Francis Joseph).

Graydon A. Tunstall, Jr., Planning for War against Russia and Serbia: Austro-Hungarian and German Military Strategies, 1871-1914, Boulder CO., Social Science Monographs, Highland, N.J., 1993.

(Description and analysis of military plans and assumptions; Tunstall lives in Allentown, PA).

Same: “The Habsburg Command Conspiracy: The Austrian falsification of Historiography on the Outbreak of World War I,” Austrian History Yearbook, vol. XXVII, 1996, pp. 181-198.

(details how  Austrian general staff officers turned into military historians, focused on defending the honor of the imperial army, especially General Conrad von Hotzendorf, long time Chief of the Imperial General Staff, and how this myth making continued into the post World War II period).

Solomon Wank, "Foreign Policy and the Nationality Problem in Austria-Hungary, 1867-1914," in: Austrian History Yearbook, 1967, pt.  3 (pp. 37-56).

(S.Wank, b. in New York, 1930, is a specialist on the Austro-Hungarian Empire(,

Samuel Williamson Jr., Austria-Hungary and the Origins of the First World War, Basingstoke, Hampshire, 1991.

(Williamson was then President and Vice-Chancellor of the University of the South, Sewanee. He has also published The Politics of Grand Strategy: Britain and France prepare for war, 1904-1914, 1969, awarded the George Louis Beer Prize by the Am. Hist. Assoc. ) He has  published widely on the origins of World War I).

(See also B.Jelavich under Sarajevo, below).

The Coming of World War I:Bulgaria.

Richard c. Hall, Bulgaria’s Road to the First World War, East European Monographs, Boulder CO., and New York, 1996.

(R.C. Hall, an expert on Bulgaria, teaches at Mankato State University, Mankato, MN. He explains how and why Bulgaria wound up on the side of the Central Powers).

The Coming of World War I: Germany.

V. R. Berghahn, Germany and the Approach of War in 1914, New York, 1973.

(Berghahn, b. Germany, 1948, educated in U.S., England, Germany, teaches at Brown University).

Fritz Fischer, Germany’s Aims in the First World War, London, New York, 1967.

(First published in Germany 1961. F. Fischer, b. Germany 1908, was the first German historian to  place the major burden for starting the war on Germany, which began a heated debate among German historians. See also his work below).

Same, War of Illusions.: German Policies from 1911 to 1914, New York, 1975.

(Fischer’s detailed study written in answer to his critics).

Same: World Power or Decline. The Controversy over Germany’s Aims in the First World War, New York, 1974.

(A short version of Fischer’s answers to his critics; see also Koch below).

Immanuel Geiss, ed., July 1914. The Oubreak of the First World War. Selected Documents, New York, 1967, 1968, 1974.

(Geiss, a German historian, selected documents published by all the Powers as well as unpublished German documents; he shares Fischer’s belief that Germany bears the major  part of the blame for starting the war. This is an abbreviated version of the two volume German edition).

H. W. Koch, ed., The Origins of the First World War. Great Power Rivalry and German Aims, 2nd edition, Macmillan, Basingstoke, Houndmills, England,1984 and reprints.

(Koch, b. Germany 1933, was educated in England; these  articles by experts discuss the Fischer theory of German guilt).

(see also Tunstall book on military plans, under Austria-Hungary above).

The Coming of World War I:Sarajevo.

Lavender Cassels, The Archduke and the Assassin. Sarajevo, June 28th 1914, New York, 1985.

(L.Cassels, b. 1918, has  written a books on the Austro-Turkish wars of 1717-40 and on the Habsburg family. He worked in Vienna in 1938-39 and on the staff of the Allied Control Commission there after the war. This is a lively, engaging book, based mostly on secondary sources, but also on the Austrian archives).

Vladimir Dedijer, The Road to Sarajevo, London, 1967 .

(V.Dedijer, 1914-90, a Yugoslav historian, tells the story of Gavrilo Princip, the young Serb who killed Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife - the spark that set off World War I)

Barbara Jelavich, "What the Habsburg Government Knew About the Black Hand," Austrian History Yearbook, v. XXII, 1991, pp. 131-150. 

(About the secret Serbian military organization that trained Serbian revolutionaries in the Austro-Hungarian Empire).

The Coming of World War I:Russia.

D.C.B. Lieven, Russia and the Origins of the First World War, New York, 1983.

(Lieven was then Lecturer in Russian Government at the London School of Economics and Political Science. He thinks there was “a ghastly inevitability” about Russia’s drift into the war against Germany (p.154). He has also published a book on: The Rulers of Late Imperial Russia.)

Barbara Jelavich, A Century of Russian Foreign Policy, 1814-1914, Philadelphia, 1964.

(a short survey designed for undergraduate students).        

  End of Part I.